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How does the human circulatory system work?

Here is a brief overview of how the human circulatory system works:

  • The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells and removes waste products.

  • The heart is a muscular pump that drives circulation. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles.

  • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, flows to the right ventricle, then is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to get oxygenated.

  • Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium, then fills the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aorta and to the rest of the body.

  • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body. Capillaries are microscopic vessels that allow exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between the blood and tissues.

  • Veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The vena cavae are the large veins that return blood from the body to the right atrium.

  • The cycle then repeats itself - deoxygenated blood returns to the heart, gets pumped to the lungs, oxygenated, then pumped back out to the body's tissues.

  • In addition to circulating blood, the circulatory system helps stabilize body temperature and pH. It also helps fight disease via white blood cells.

So in summary, the circulatory system transports blood in a continuous loop powered by the pumping heart, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.

This article is about the animal circulatory system. For plants, see Vascular tissue. Circulatory systemThe human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates oxygenated blood carried in arteries. Blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins. Capillaries join the arteries and veins.IdentifiersMeSHD002319TA98A12.0.00.000TA23891FMA7161Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] The blood circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.[1][2] It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart, and from Latin vascula meaning vessels). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation or circuit.[3] Some sources use the terms cardiovascular system and vascular system interchangeably with the circulatory system.[4] The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries, and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Some invertebrates such as arthropods have an open circulatory system. Diploblasts such as sponges, and comb jellies lack a circulatory system. Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; it is circulated around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and collecting and disposing of waste materials. Circulated nutrients include proteins and minerals and other components include hemoglobin, hormones, and gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. These substances provide nourishment, help the immune system to fight diseases, and help maintain homeostasis by stabilizing temperature and natural pH. In vertebrates, the lymphatic system is complementary to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system carries excess plasma (filtered from the circulatory system capillaries as interstitial fluid between cells) away from the body tissues via accessory routes that return excess fluid back to blood circulation as lymph.[5] The lymphatic system is a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood circulatory system; without it the blood would become depleted of fluid. The lymphatic system also works with the immune system.[6] The circulation of lymph takes much longer than that of blood[7] and, unlike the closed (blood) circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system. Some sources describe it as a secondary circulatory system. The circulatory system can be affected by many cardiovascular diseases. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on disorders of the blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Structure Blood flow in the pulmonary and systemic circulations showing capillary networks in the torso sections The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.[2] The cardiovascular system in all vertebrates, consists of the heart and blood vessels. The circulatory system is further divided into two major circuits a pulmonary circulation, and a systemic circulation.[8][1][3] The pulmonary circulation is a circuit loop from the right heart taking deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returned to the left heart. The systemic circulation is a circuit loop that delivers oxygenated blood from the left heart to the rest of the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the right heart via large veins known as the venae cavae. The systemic circulation can also be defined as two parts a macrocirculation and a microcirculation. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5

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The human body is a complex machine, requiring many processes to function efficiently. To keep these crucial processes running without any hitches, vital elements and components need to be delivered to the various parts of the body. This role of transportation is undertaken by the human circulatory system, moving essential nutrients and minerals throughout the body and metabolic waste products away from the body. Below is a neat labelledCirculatory system diagram. Read more:Human Body Anatomy Read on to explore intricate about the human circulatory system and its components in greater detail. Table of Contents Human Circulatory System Features Organs Heart Double Circulation Blood Blood Cells Blood Vessels Lymphatic System Functions Human Circulatory System Diagram Human Circulatory System The human circulatory system consists of a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, with the heart pumping blood through it. Its primary role is to provide essential nutrients, minerals, and hormones to various parts of the body. Alternatively, thecirculatory system is also responsible for collecting metabolic waste and toxins from the cells and tissues to be purified or expelled from the body. Features of Circulatory System The crucial features of the human circulatory system are as follows: The human circulatory system consists of blood, heart, blood vessels, and lymph. The human circulatory system circulates blood through two loops (double circulation) One for oxygenated blood, another for deoxygenated blood. The human heart consists of four chambers two ventricles and two auricles. The human circulatory system possesses a body-wide network of blood vessels. These comprise arteries, veins, and capillaries. The primary function of blood vessels is to transport oxygenated blood and nutrients to all parts of the body. It is also tasked with collecting metabolic wastes to be expelled from the body. Most circulatory system diagrams do not visually represent its sheer length. Theoretically, if the veins, arteries, and capillaries of a human were laid out, end to end, it would span a total distance of 1,00,000 kilometres (or roughly eight times the diameter of the Earth). Organs of Circulatory System The human circulatory system comprises 4 main organs that have specific roles and functions. The vital circulatory system organs include: Heart Blood (technically, blood is considered a tissue and not an organ) Blood Vessels Lymphatic system Heart The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest cavity, right between the lungs. It is positioned slightly towards the left in thethoracic region and is enveloped by the pericardium.The human heart is separated into four chambers; namely, two upper chambers called atria (singular: atrium), and two lower chambers called ventricles. Heart, a major part of the human circulatory system Though other animals possess a heart, the way their circulatory system functions is quite different from humans. Moreover, in some cases, the human circulatory system is much more evolved when compared to insects or molluscs. Read More:Human Heart Double Circulation The way blood flows in the human body is unique, and it is quite efficient too. The blood circulates through the heart twice, hence, it is called double circulation. Other animals like fish have single circulation, where blood completes a circuit through the entire animal only once. The main advantage of double circulation is that every tissue in the body has a steady supply of oxygenated blood, and it does not get mixed with the deoxygenated blood. Further Reading: Double circulation Circulation of blood in humans Double circulation Blood Blood is the bodys fluid connective tissue, and it forms a vital part of the human circulatory system. Its main function is to circulate nutrients, hormones, minerals and other essentialcomponents to different parts of the body. Blood flows through a specified set of pathways called blood vessels. The organ which is invo

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The heart and blood are major parts of the circulatory system. All components contribute to oxygen and nutrient delivery throughout your body.Combined with the cardiovascular system, the circulatory system helps fight off disease, helps the body maintain a normal body temperature, and provides the right chemical balance for the body to achieve homeostasis, or a state of stability among all its systems.The circulatory system consists of four major components:heartarteriesveinsbloodAbout the size of two adult hands held together, the heart rests near the center of the chest. Thanks to consistent pumping, the heart keeps the circulatory system working at all times.Heart wallThere are three layers of the heart wall. The epicardium is the heart walls outer layer, the myocardium is the middle and muscular layer, and the endocardium is the hearts innermost layer.ChambersThe heart has four chambers: the right and left atria, and the right and left ventricles. Together, they make up the hearts internal cavity.The four chambers play an important role in circulation. The atria receive blood from the veins, while the ventricles push blood out of the heart. Because the ventricles have to be much stronger to perform this pumping activity, their myocardial layers are thicker than those of the atria.Arteries carry blood away from the heart.The artery walls have three layers: tunica intima (inner), tunica media (middle), and tunica externa (outer).The middle layer is usually the thickest. Its made up of smooth muscle that changes the size of the artery to regulate blood flow.There are three main types of arteries. They get smaller and smaller the further they are from the heart.Elastic arteriesThe aorta and pulmonary arteries are the elastic arteries. They receive blood directly from the heart and need to be elastic to accommodate the surge and contraction as blood pushes through with each heartbeat.The aorta is the bodys most important artery.Pulmonary arteries take deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Theyre the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.Muscular arteriesThe muscular arteries move blood from the elastic arteries through the body. Theyre made of smooth muscle, which can expand and contract as blood flows. The femoral and coronary arteries are two examples of muscular arteries.ArteriolesThe smallest arteries are the arterioles, which move blood from the muscular arteries to the capillaries. The capillaries connect the arteries, which take blood from the heart, and the veins, which take blood to the heart.The number of capillaries in a body system depends on the amount of material exchange. Skeletal muscle, the liver, and the kidney all have a large number of capillaries because their body systems need a lot of oxygen and nutrients. The cornea of the eye is one area that has no capillaries.The blood moves back to the heart through veins.The blood travels from the capillaries into the venules, which are the smallest veins. As the blood moves closer to the heart, the veins get larger and larger.Like the arteries, veins have walls made up of layers called the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. There are some important differences between the arteries and veins:In veins, the walls have less smooth muscle and connective tissue.The walls of veins are thinner than artery walls.Veins have less pressure and can hold more blood than arteries.At any time, about 70 percent of the bodys total blood supply is in the veins.ValvesThe veins include valves, small pieces of tissue which keep blood flowing in the right direction.The valves in the medium and large veins keep the blood flowing towards the heart. In the arms and legs, these valves make sure gravity doesnt pull blood in the wrong direction.There are four valves in the heart.The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The mitral valve, or bicuspid valve, separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.The remaining tw

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diff types of trees in dsa

Here are some of the main types of trees commonly used in data structures and algorithms:

  • Binary Tree - Each node has up to two child nodes. Includes binary search trees and binary heaps.

  • Binary Search Tree (BST) - binary tree where the values in each left subtree are less than or equal to the parent node, and the values in each right subtree are greater. Allows for very lookup, insertion and deletion.

  • AVL Tree - A self-balancing BST where the difference in height between left and right subtrees of each node is at most 1. Balancing improves worst-case lookup, insertion etc.

  • Red-Black Tree - A self-balancing BST where nodes have an extra color bit to ensure no path is more than twice as long as any other, balancing the tree.

  • B-Tree - A tree where each node can have many child nodes. B-trees are optimized for systems that read and write large blocks of data. Used commonly in databases.

  • Heap - A tree structure where parent nodes are ordered with respect to their children, allowing for fast extraction of minimum or. Used to implement priority queues. Trie - A tree where each node stores a character. Tries allow for very fast prefix-based lookups making them ideal for predictive text or autocomplete.

  • Suffix Tree - A trie of all suffixes of a text. Allows extremely fast substring queries.

  • Segment Tree - A binary tree storing intervals or segments allowing fast querying of intervals for properties like sum or minimum.

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