Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by itchy, red, and dry skin. It commonly starts in childhood, but it can persist or even develop later in life. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, immune system, and environmental factors.

The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis involves a complex interplay between the immune system, skin barrier function, and the external environment. People with atopic dermatitis have a defective skin barrier, which allows irritants, allergens, and microbes to penetrate the skin more easily. This triggers an exaggerated immune response, leading to inflammation and itching.

Treatment options for atopic dermatitis aim to relieve symptoms, reduce inflammation, and improve the skin barrier. Here are some commonly used treatments and drugs:

1. Topical corticosteroids: These medications reduce inflammation and itching. They available in different strengths and formulations, and their use should be carefully monitored by a healthcare professional due to potential side effects.

2. Topical calcineurin inhibitors: These medications, such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, also help reduce inflammation and itching. They are often used as alternatives to corticosteroids, especially in sensitive areas like the face and groin.

3. Moistizers: Regularly applying moisturizers helps improve skin hydration, reduce dryness, and enhance the skin's barrier function. Look for fragrance-free and hypoallergenic options.

4. Systemic medications: If topical treatments are not effective, oral medications such as antihistamines or immunosuppressants may be prescribed to manage severe cases of atopic dermatitis. These medications should be used under medical supervision due to potential risks and side effects.

5. Phototherapy: Light therapy involves exposing the affected skin to ultraviolet (UV) light to reduce inflammation and itching. It can be done under medical supervision using UVA, UVB or a combination of both.

It's important to note that treatment plans may vary depending on the severity and individual characteristics of the condition. It is always best to a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment options.

The standard of care for atopic dermatitis (AD) is typically a combination of skincare, lifestyle adjustments, and medical treatment. This can vary widely from person to person, due to the varied nature of the disease. Below is the general approach:

1. Skin care: Regular use of moisturizers is an integral of care and can help improve the skin's barrier function and decrease dryness and itching. Baths should be short, warm (not hot), and should be followed immediately by moisturizer application. Soaps and detergents should be gentle, unscented, and hypoallergenic.

2. Trigger avoidance: Identification and avoidance of triggers that exacerbate the condition, such as irritants, allergens, harsh soaps, certain fabrics, and rapid changes in temperature can reduce flares. Stress management is also important as stress can trigger or worsen symptoms.

3. Medications: Topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors can be applied to inflammation and irritation. The strength and frequency of application should be determined by a healthcare professional.

   In the case of moderate-to-severe AD that responds poorly to topical treatment, systemic therapies like immunosuppressants, biologics or phototherapy might be required.

   Systemic corticosteroids may be taken in severe cases but are typically not a first choice for long-term control, given their potential for serious side effects over time.

4. Infection control: Scratching can sometimes lead to breaks in the skin, which can result in bacterial or viral infections. If there are signs of infection, such as oozing sores, increased redness, fever, etc., the individual may need antibiotics or antiviral medications in addition to other ongoing AD treatments.

5. Patient education and regular follow-up: Education about the nature of the disease, adherence to treatment, possible complications and their management is crucial for controlling symptoms. Regular follow-up and monitoring by a healthcare professional can help make necessary adjustments to treatment, manage complications, and assess the progress of the disease.

Though this a general approach to the standard of care for AD, every patient is unique, and a healthcare provider should be consulted to develop the most appropriate plan for each individual. It's also important to remember that AD is a chronic condition, and ongoing care is often required to manage symptoms effectively.