Tacit or implicit knowledge is crucial for various reasons. Firstly, it drives learning forward and is responsible for the development of many skills, behaviors, and abilities. Tacit knowledge can be challenging to express verbally, but its impact on our capabilities is undeniable. It plays a significant role in our understanding and performance, particularly in situations where explicit instructions or formulas are not effective.

Weak or Close Analogies:

1. Learning a dance routine: While it is possible to explain the steps verbally, learners may find it more efficient to observe the choreographer or other dancers, imitate their movements, and receive corrections (01:41).
2. Driving habits and customs: Our expectations of other drivers and the way we navigate roads are shaped by tacit knowledge acquired through hands-on experience, social interaction, and time (10:48).

Strong or Far Analogies:

1. Learning Chinese or any new language: Mastering a language extends beyond literal translation, as tacit knowledge is required to understand social norms, idioms, subtleties, and context (07:47).
2. Playing a musical instrument: Skilled musicians may not be able to fully articulate their techniques, as much of their proficiency comes from years of practice, refinement, and bodily awareness (04:46).

In summary, tacit or implicit knowledge significantly impacts our learning and performance in various fields. Even though it can sometimes be challenging to explain and express, its importance in driving progress and understanding should not be underestimated. Weak or close analogies showcase how implicit knowledge plays a role in familiar, day-to-day activities, while strong or far analogies emphasize its significance in more specialized, less intuitive domains.

Tacit knowledge is essential for learning programming and other related skills. This type of knowledge often encompasses intuitive understanding, rules of thumb, and expertise that individuals acquire over time and through personal experiences. In programming, tacit knowledge can help in problem-solving, decision-making, and fostering innovation.

Best approaches to learn tacit knowledge in programming include:

1. Observation: Watch experienced programmers work, either in-person or via tutorial videos, presentations, or livestreams. Pay attention to their methods, critical thinking, and problem-solving processes. Observing experts can help learners grasp tacit knowledge related to best practices, helpful heuristics, and shortcuts that may not be covered in formal training or documentation.

2. Imitation: After observing experts, imitate their approaches, techniques, and strategies when practicing programming. Actively adopt and test the methods observed to internalize the implicit knowledge. By practicing through imitation, learners can reinforce their understanding and develop intuition.

3. Apprenticeship: Engage in hands-on, real-world projects with experienced mentors to learn tacit knowledge. Mentorship provides a structured learning environment for acquiring implicit knowledge, both by observing the mentor and receiving tailored guidance and feedback.

4. Reflective practice: Regularly reflect on personal experiences, mistakes, and successes in programming. Critically examining these experiences can highlight patterns, promote understanding, and build self-awareness related to programming practices. Reflection plays a crucial role in developing tacit knowledge.

5. Iterative learning: Learning programming and related skills is an ongoing process. Embrace continuous improvement by regularly revisiting concepts and techniques, acquiring new knowledge, and refining existing skills. Iterative learning reinforces tacit knowledge and helps keep skills up-to-date.

Imitation is a powerful way to learn tacit knowledge in programming. Learners can implement it by following these steps:

1. Identify the tacit knowledge to be acquired. Break down the skill into smaller components and select specific techniques or approaches to imitate.
2. Observe experts demonstrating the tacit knowledge. Seek high-quality resources that showcase effective practices, such as tutorials, video walkthroughs, or even in-person observation.
3. Imitate the expert by actively practicing the observed techniques. Start by replicating the expert's actions, then incrementally adapt them to fit your personal style or specific situation.
4. Seek feedback from mentors or experts to ensure that your implementation is correct and effective. Repeat the process until you have internalized the new skills.
5. Document your learning process to consolidate your understanding and serve as future reference. This can also help share your knowledge with others.
6. Rinse and repeat. Embrace continuous improvement by iterating your tacit knowledge acquisition journey.

Tacit knowledge is closely related to expertise. In fact, developing tacit knowledge is often a critical component of becoming an expert in a particular field, including programming. Tacit knowledge represents the internalized understanding, intuition, and heuristics that individuals acquire over time and through experience. This type of knowledge can include rules of thumb, shortcuts, and problem-solving strategies that are not necessarily explicitly taught but are essential for efficient and effective performance.

As individuals accumulate tacit knowledge, they refine their skills, improve their problem-solving capabilities, and become more adept at handling complex situations. Over time, these improvements can lead to the development of expertise in a given domain. Expertise is characterized by a deep understanding of the subject matter, the ability to make accurate and timely decisions, and the capacity to innovate and solve problems effectively.

Tacit knowledge plays a crucial role in expertise development by helping individuals:

1. Develop strong intuition and pattern recognition: Experts can quickly identify and analyze patterns due to their extensive tacit knowledge and experience. This intuition allows them to make efficient, informed decisions and judgments.
2. Apply heuristics and shortcuts: Experts with tacit knowledge have access to a repository of mental shortcuts, allowing them to bypass time-consuming and laborious processes in favor of more efficient practices.
3. Make accurate decisions: With a wealth of tacit knowledge, experts can rapidly assess situations, weigh options, and identify the best course of action. This skill is essential for effective problem-solving and decision-making.
4. Adapt to novel challenges: Experts with tacit knowledge can draw upon their extensive internalized understanding to develop innovative solutions to novel or complex problems.

In summary, tacit knowledge is intimately linked to expertise. As individuals accumulate tacit knowledge, they become better equipped to solve complex problems, make informed decisions, and adapt to new challenges, ultimately paving the way for the development of expertise. The process of becoming an expert can be seen as the continuous acquisition and refinement of tacit knowledge.

Yes, it can be argued that tacit knowledge is a critical differentiating factor when distinguishing between expert and novice professionals. Tacit knowledge, formed through experience, practice, and exposure to various situations, often results in a deeper understanding of a subject area, refined skills, and the ability to apply heuristics and shortcuts for efficient problem-solving.

There are several reasons tacit knowledge distinguishes experts from novices:

1. Pattern recognition: Experts with extensive tacit knowledge exhibit stronger pattern recognition abilities. They can quickly identify and analyze situations by drawing upon past experiences to make informed decisions and judgments.
2. Adaptability: Tacit knowledge allows experts to adapt to novel challenges by creating innovative and effective solutions. They can apply their internalized understanding to unfamiliar problems and draw upon a variety of strategies.
3. Mental shortcuts and heuristics: Tacit knowledge provides experts with mental shortcuts and heuristics that enable them to bypass time-consuming processes and constraints. This increased efficiency aids in making better decisions and managing resources.
4. Procedural knowledge: Tacit knowledge often includes procedural knowledge—knowing how to perform diverse tasks efficiently, accurately, and with ease. Experts possess refined procedural knowledge, which often results in higher-quality and error-free work.
5. Intuition and confidence: Tacit knowledge leads to increased intuition and confidence, as experts develop a deeper understanding of their field. This confidence can help to reduce anxiety, allowing experts to remain calm and collected in high-pressure situations.
6. Continuous improvement: Experts with tacit knowledge are more likely to engage in continuous learning and improvement. They revisit concepts and techniques, experimenting with new ideas and refining their skills.

In summary, tacit knowledge indeed plays a significant role in distinguishing experts from novices in a given field. By developing and refining tacit knowledge, professionals internalize their understanding, hone their skills, and become more capable problem-solvers, decision-makers, and innovators.

To learn more about tacit knowledge and its role in the development of expertise, consider the following primary and secondary source materials. This list begins with more general and fundamental theories, then moves to more specific and technical concepts or applications.

Primary Sources (More General to Specific):

1. Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. In this foundational work, Michael Polanyi shares his insights on tacit knowledge, its importance, and its impact on science, technology, and society.
2. Dreyfus, H. L., & Dreyfus, S. E. (1980). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. New York: Free Press. This book explores the differences between novice and expert performance and the diminishing role of rules-based artificial intelligence, highlighting tacit knowledge and intuition as critical factors in skill development.
3. Orasanu, J., & Salas, E. (Eds.). (1993). Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Research Methods and Approaches. New York: Taylor & Francis. This edited volume delves into tacit knowledge and research methods, presenting a useful starting point for scholars interested in studying this concept.

Secondary Sources (More General to Specific):

1. Gertler, M. S. (2003). A Cultural Economy of French Culinary Expertise: Taste, Techniques, and Trajectories. University of Chicago Press. This book presents a nuanced analysis of the relationship between tacit knowledge and expertise in the high-end French culinary world.
2. Collins, H. (2010). Tacit and Explicit Knowledge. University of Chicago Press. Harry Collins reflects on the importance of the tacit-explicit knowledge dichotomy in a variety of contexts.
3. Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1993). Surface and Deep Learning: Long-term Consequences for Knowledge and Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum. This book discusses the differences between surface and deep learning, touching upon the role of tacit knowledge and intuitive understanding in high-level learning.

To analyze and expand upon the information presented in the video, consider the following categories, topics, and subtopics:

Keywords:

1. Tacit knowledge
2. Explicit knowledge
3. Experience
4. Intuition
5. Pattern recognition
6. Heuristics
7. Mental models
8. Expertise
9. Learning
10. Education

Categories and Topics:

1. Definition, characteristics, and foundations of tacit knowledge
   • Definition
   • Dichotomy: tacit versus explicit knowledge
   • Properties of tacit knowledge: personal, context-dependent, non-articulable
2. Development, acquisition, and refinement of tacit knowledge
   • Personal experience
   • Practice and repetition
   • Observation and imitation
   • Reflective practice
   • Continuous improvement
3. Tacit knowledge and expertise
   • Role of tacit knowledge in skill development
   • Expert intuition and pattern recognition
   • Adaptability and innovation
4. Tacit knowledge and decision-making
   • Mental shortcuts and heuristics
   • Procedural knowledge
   • Confidence and risk management
5. Tacit knowledge and learning
   • Relationship between learning and tacit knowledge
   • Inquiry-based, problem-based, and experiential learning
   • Design of learning environments for tacit knowledge acquisition

Far and Close Analogies:

1. Far analogy: Topic: Tacit knowledge in AI Analogy: Just like a human with tacit knowledge performs better in dynamic situations than a rule-based system, AI that incorporates tacit knowledge could outperform rule-based algorithms in complex, unpredictable environments.

2. Close analogy: Topic: Tacit knowledge and sports Analogy: Gaining tacit knowledge in sports, like understanding the nuances of a teammate's move or anticipating a competitor's strategy, leads to improved performance, akin to improved performance in professional settings through the accumulation of tacit knowledge.

Research on tacit knowledge covers various subtopics, each contributing to a deeper understanding of the role and impact of tacit knowledge in different contexts. Some key subtopics include:

1. Tacit Knowledge Transfer: Investigating methods and strategies for transmitting tacit knowledge between individuals, teams, and organizations. This may involve studying mentoring, apprenticeship, storytelling, and other forms of experiential learning.
2. Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Perspectives: Exploring the neurological basis of tacit knowledge, including how it is stored, accessed, and transferred in the brain. This may involve research on mirror neurons, embodied cognition, and other neurological theories.
3. Tacit Knowledge in the Workplace: Examining tacit knowledge in professional settings, including how it impacts employee performance, collaboration, and organizational learning. This may involve case studies of specific industries, such as healthcare, law, or engineering.
4. Pedagogical Approaches to Tacit Knowledge: Investigating learning theories and methodologies that facilitate tacit knowledge acquisition, such as problem-based learning, situated learning, and experiential learning. This may also include studying the role of reflection, mentoring, and apprenticeship in tacit knowledge development.
5. Cultural and Social Aspects of Tacit Knowledge: Delving into the impact of cultural nuances and social factors on tacit knowledge, such as variability between national cultures, social norms, and professional communities of practice.
6. Tacit Knowledge and Decision Making: Investigating how tacit knowledge influences decision-making processes, biases, heuristics, and problem-solving. This may include exploring the role of tacit knowledge in high-pressure situations, such as in medical emergencies, or in creative tasks, such as art or design.
7. Technology and Tacit Knowledge: Examining the role of technology in tacit knowledge preservation, simulation, or transfer, such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and knowledge management systems.
8. Assessing and Evaluating Tacit Knowledge: Developing and validating methods for measuring and evaluating tacit knowledge, such as observation, performance assessments, or self-reported questionnaires.
9. Tacit Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence (AI): Analyzing the impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on tacit knowledge acquisition, representation, and transfer, and exploring the potential of AI to augment or simulate tacit knowledge in various applications.
10. Tacit-Explicit Knowledge Interplay: Investigating how tacit and explicit knowledge mutually influence and inform each other in various contexts, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. This may involve studying the processes and strategies for combining and integrating both types of knowledge to optimize performance and learning outcomes.

Of course! Here are some lecture series and specific videos from various universities and platforms that cover tacit knowledge and related topics:

1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) OpenCourseWare:
   • Lecture 23: "Cognitive Aspects of Learning" from the course 6.810/6.811/6.812: Teaching of Undergraduate Science and Engineering (you can find this on the MIT OpenCourseWare site)
2. University of California, San Diego (UCSD) via Coursera:
   • Lecture 1: "Introduction: The Hidden Power of Tacit Knowledge" from the course The Hidden Power of Tacit Knowledge: The Human Side of Knowledge Management
3. Harvard University via edX:
   • Lecture 10: "Implicit and Explicit Knowledge" from the course The Science of Behavior Change
4. University of Edinburgh via Coursera:
   • Lecture 5: "Tacit and Explicit Knowledge" from the course E-Learning and Digital Cultures
5. University of Pennsylvania via Coursera:
   • Lecture 2: "Tacit Knowledge and Experience" from the course Wisdom: Philosophical and Religious Perspectives

These are just a few lectures that might be helpful. Make sure to check the course pre-requisites and descriptions before starting the lecture series to ensure alignment with your interests and goals. Keep in mind that you may need to create an account (often free) to access the courses on Coursera or edX. Happy learning!