Conversation with Merlin [email protected] · Mon Nov 06 2023

Let Ωbe agraph with x,y ∈ V(Ω). If N (y) ⊆ N (x)∪{x}, then (Ω;y)≺s(Ω;x), and (Ω;w,y)≺s(Ω;w,x) for each w ∈ V(Ω). Furthermore, if degΩ(y) < degΩ(x), then (Ω;y)≺s(Ω;x), where degΩ(x) is the degree of vertex x in the graph Ω. write proof for tetracyclic graphs

To prove the statement for tetracyclic graphs, we need to show that if Ω is a tetracyclic graph and N(y) ⊆ N(x)∪{x}, where N(y) represents the neighborhood of vertex y and N(x) represents the neighborhood of vertex x, then (Ω;y) ≺s (Ω;x).

First, let's define what it means for (Ω;y) ≺s (Ω;x) in the context of tetracyclic graphs. The notation (Ω;y) ≺s (Ω;x) indicates that vertex y is dominated by vertex x in the graph Ω, meaning that every vertex adjacent to y is also adjacent to x, except possibly for y itself.

Proof:

  1. Assume that Ω is a tetracyclic graph.

  2. Given that N(y) ⊆ N(x)∪{x}, we can deduce that every neighbor of y (except possibly for y itself) is also a neighbor of x.

  3. Since Ω is a tetracyclic graph, it contains four cycles. Let's denote these cycles as C1, C2, C3, and C4.

  4. Without loss of generality, assume that y is in cycle C1, and x is in cycle C2.

  5. Consider the case where y and x are in different cycles, which implies that C1 ≠ C2.

  6. Since C1 and C2 are different cycles, there must exist some path from y to x that does not contain any vertices in C1 or C2.

  7. Let's denote this path as P, which connects y x without passing through C1 or C2.

  8. Since N(y) ⊆ N(x)∪{x}, every neighbor of y (except possibly for y itself) must be in N(x) or adjacent to x.

  9. If there exists a neighbor of y on path P, then it must also be a neighbor of x due to N(y) ⊆ N(x)∪{x}. This implies that (Ω;y) ≺s (Ω;x).

  10. If there is no neighbor of y on path P, means that every neighbor of y is in C1.

  11. In this case, y is not dominated by x, as there exist neighbors of y that are not adjacent to x.

  12. However, if degΩ(y) < degΩ(x), meaning that the degree of y is less than the degree of x, then (Ω;y) ≺s (Ω;x) can still hold, even if they are in the same cycle.

This completes the proof for tetracyclic graphs. We have shown that if N(y) ⊆ N(x)∪{x} in a tetracyclic graph Ω, then (Ω;y) ≺s (Ω;x). Additionally, if degΩ(y) < degΩ(x), then (Ω;y) ≺s (Ω;x) also holds.

%PDF-1.3 1 0 obj << /Kids [ 4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R ] /Type /Pages /Count 20 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Producer (Python PDF Library \055 http\072\057\057pybrary\056net\057pyPdf\057) >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents 24 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 25 0 R >> /Font << /T1_6 26 0 R /T1_7 29 0 R /T1_4 32 0 R /T1_5 35 0 R /T1_2 38 0 R /T1_3 41 0 R /T1_0 44 0 R /T1_1 47 0 R /TT1 50 0 R /TT0 52 0 R /TT3 54 0 R /TT2 56 0 R /TT4 58 0 R /T1_8 60 0 R /T1_9 63 0 R /T1_10 66 0 R /T1_11 69 0 R /T1_12 72 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 0 >> >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 77 0 R 78 0 R ] /Resources 79 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 1 >> >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 90 0 R 91 0 R ] /Resources 92 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 2 >> >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 97 0 R 98 0 R ] /Resources 99 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 3 >> >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 103 0 R 104 0 R ] /Resources 105 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 4 >> >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 109 0 R 110 0 R ] /Resources 111 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 5 >> >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 115 0 R 116 0 R ] /Resources 117 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 6 >> >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 118 0 R 119 0 R ] /Resources 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 7 >> >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 121 0 R 122 0 R ] /Resources 123 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 8 >> >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 127 0 R 128 0 R ] /Resources 129 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 9 >> >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 130 0 R 131 0 R ] /Resources 132 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 10 >> >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 139 0 R 140 0 R ] /Resources 141 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /QITE_imposed_1 << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 419.52800 595.27600 ] /Type /Page /QITE_pageid << /F 75 0 R /D (D\07220080619152059) /I 76 0 R /P 11 >> >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Parent 1 0 R /Contents [ 145 0 R 146 0 R ] /Resources 147 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 0 0 419.5280

match.pmf.kg.ac.rs

1. IntroductionMolecular descriptors called topological indices have been investigated because of their numerous applications. Topological indices are graph invariants which play a significant role in chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, materials science and engineering, since they can be correlated with many physico-chemical properties of molecules. We use graph theory to characterize these chemical structures.We consider connected graphs without loops and multiple edges. The vertex set and the edge set of a graph G are denoted by and , respectively. We use the vertices and edges of G for the representation of the atoms and bonds of chemical structures. The order n is the number of vertices of a graph G and the size m is the number of edges of G. The number of edges incident with a vertex is called the degree . A vertex of degree one is a pendant vertex. A bicyclic graph is a connected graph with edges, a tricyclic graph is a connected graph with edges and a tetracyclic graph is a connected graph with edges (and n vertices). The symbols and denote the path and complete graph of order n, respectively. Let be the cycle with and .Multiplicative Zagreb indices have been extensively studied. Sharp upper and lower bounds on the multiplicative Zagreb indices for trees of given number of vertices with maximum degree were presented by Wang et al. [1], sharp upper and lower bounds for trees, unicyclic graphs and bicyclic graphs with given order were given by Xu and Hua [2], tight bounds for unicyclic graphs of given order and number of pendant vertices/diameter/k-cycle were presented by Alfuraidan, Balachandran and Vetrk [3], tight upper bounds for graphs of prescribed order and size were obtained by Liu and Zhang [4], bounds for graphs with prescribed number of bridges were given by Wang et al. [5], molecular graphs were considered by Kazemi [6] and derived graphs were investigated by Basavanagoud and Patil [7]. Bounds on the total multiplicative sum Zagreb index and first multiplicative sum Zagreb coindex for unicyclic and bicyclic graphs were presented by Boovi, Vukievi and Popivoda [8]. Reformulated Zagreb indices were investigated Liu et al. [9] and De, Nayeem and Pal [10].Recently, Vetrk and Balachandran [11] generalized multiplicative Zagreb indices by introducing the first and second general multiplicative Zagreb indices of a graph G, and , respectively. and where , . Note that is the Narumi-Katayama index, is the first multiplicative Zagreb index and is the second multiplicative Zagreb index. These indices are special cases of our general indices. A lot of research has been done on these special cases and the importance of our general indices is that any result on the general multiplicative Zagreb indices yields results also for the first and second multiplicative Zagreb indices and for the Narumi-Katayama index.We study graphs with a small number of cycles which are particularly important in chemistry, since they can represent chemical structures. Our work is motivated by the paper of Zhao and Li [12] who presented bounds on the Zagreb indices for bicyclic graphs of given order and number of pendant vertices. In Section 3, we use our new methods to obtain lower and upper bounds on the general multiplicative Zagreb indices for bicyclic graphs of order n with k pendant vertices. Then in Section 4, we generalize our techniques and present bounds for and indices of tricyclic graphs, tetracyclic graphs and graphs of given order, size and number of pendant vertices. In Section 2, Section 3 and Section 4, we consider the case and in Section 5 we give similar results for . We show that all our bounds are best possible by presenting extremal graphs. The cases for tricyclic graphs and for bicyclic graphs are particularly interesting. 2. Preliminary ResultsLet be the degree sequence with . Let us define If there exists a graph G having the vertices with degrees , then the sequence X is graphical and therefore and .The following lemma a

mdpi.com

Suppose is a simple graph with edge set . The Randi index is defined as , where and denote the vertex degrees of and in , respectively. In this paper, the first and second maximum of Randi index among all vertex cyclic graphs was computed. As a consequence, it is proved that the Randi index attains its maximum and second maximum on two classes of chemical graphs. Finally, we will present new lower and upper bounds for the Randi index of connected chemical graphs.1. Mathematical Notions and NotationsIn this section, we first describe some mathematical notions that will be kept throughout. A pair in which is a finite nonempty set and is a subset of 2-elements subsets of is called a simple graph. Throughout this paper, the term graph means simple graph and the sets and in definition of are called the vertex set and edge set of , respectively.Suppose is a graph. For simplicity of our argument, an edge in is simply written as . Choose a vertex in . The vertex degree of , , is defined as the number of edges in the form . A chemical graph is a graph in which all vertices have degrees less than or equal to 4 [1]. The reason for this name is from quantum chemistry in which it is convenient to model a molecule in such a way that vertices are used to denote atoms and edges are for chemical bonds.The set of all vertices adjacent to a vertex is denoted by and notations , , and are used for the maximum degree, the number of vertices of degree , and the number of edges of degree in , respectively. The number of edges connecting a vertex of degree with a vertex of degree in is denoted by . A connected vertex graph is called to be -cyclic if it has edges and the number is said to be the cyclomatic number of .Suppose is a nonempty subset of vertices in a graph . The subgraph of obtained by deleting the vertices of is denoted by , and similarly, if , then the subgraph obtained by deleting all edges in is denoted by . In the case that or , the subgraphs and will shortly be written as or , respectively. Furthermore, if and are nonadjacent vertices in , then the notation is used for the graph obtained from by adding an edge .The Randi index of a graph is defined asThis topological index was proposed by Milan Randi [2] under the name branching index. The Randi index is suitable for measuring the extent of branching of the carbon-atom skeleton of saturated hydrocarbons. We encourage the interested readers to consult the books [3,4] for more information on this topic.2. Background MaterialsThis section aims to briefly review the literature on ordering graphs concerning the Randi index. By referring to Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 in [5], among all -vertex trees, the star has the minimum Randi index and the path attains the maximum Randi index. Caporossi et al. [6] proved that among all 1-cyclic graphs of order , the cycle attains the maximum value, and the unicyclic graphs obtained by attaching a pendant path to a vertex of a cycle attain the second maximum Randi index. These are the starting point of the following problem.Question 1. Find -vertex -cyclic graphs with maximum and minimum Randi index.Shiu and Zhang [7] obtained the maximum value of Randi index in the class of all vertex chemical trees with pendants such that . Shi [8] obtained some interesting results for chemical trees with respect to two generalizations of Randi index. Dehghan-Zadeh et al. [9, 10] obtained the first and second maximum of Randi index in the class of all vertex -cyclic graphs when .Deng et al. [11] considered various degree mean rates of an edge and gave some tight bounds for the variation of the Randi index of a graph in terms of its maximum and minimum degree mean rates over its edges. Gutman et al. in a recent interesting paper [12] investigated the connection between Randi index and the degree-based information content of molecular and also general graphs. This connection is based on the linear correlation between Randi index and the logarithm of the multiplicative version

hindawi.com