STEM vid ideas [email protected] · Mon Nov 27 2023

generate some YT video ideas for a STEM-based eduactional channel

Certainly! Here are a few potential YouTube video ideas for a STEM-based educational channel:

  1. "The Basics of Quantum Mechanics Explained"

    • A comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics, targeting audiences with a beginner to intermediate understanding of physics.
  2. "The Fascinating World of Biotechnology"

    • Exploring recent advances and applications of biotechnology in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.
  3. "Understanding Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning"

    • Demystifying the concepts of AI and machine learning, including real-world examples and their impact on various industries.
  4. "The Chemistry of Everyday Life"

    • Delving into how chemistry influences our daily lives, such as the chemistry of food, cosmetics, and household products.
  5. "Engineering Marvels: The Science Behind Skyscrapers"

    • Investigating the structural and material science principles that allow skyscrapers to reach such impressive heights.
  6. "Exploring Renewable Energy Technologies"

    • Discussing various renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, and how they are harnessed to combat climate change.

These video ideas aim to engage and educate viewers on a wide range of STEM topics, catering to different levels of knowledge and interest within the realm of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

generate some highly theoretical questions on the STEM field, with room for more knowledgeand hypothesis

Certainly! Here are some highly theoretical questions in the STEM field that provide opportunities for further exploration, knowledge expansion, and hypothesis development:

  1. In theoretical physics, what are the potential implications of a multi-dimensional universe beyond the commonly accepted three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension?

  2. How might the discovery of a grand unified theory in particle physics revolutionize our understanding of the fundamental forces and particles in the universe, and what experimental evidence could support such a theory?

  3. What innovative applications and ethical considerations could arise from the eventual realization of scalable quantum computing, particularly in fields such as cryptography, optimization, and molecular modeling?

  4. Given recent advancements in gene editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, what are the theoretical limits and ethical considerations of altering the human germline, and how might this impact future generations?

  5. In the field of astrophysics, what theoretical frameworks exist for explaining the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and how might breakthroughs in this area reshape our understanding of the cosmos?

  6. How could advancements in nanotechnology lead to the development of revolutionary new materials with extraordinary properties, and what theoretical barriers must be overcome to realize their full potential?

These questions encourage deep thinking and exploration within the STEM field, paving the way for theoretical advancements, new knowledge, and hypothesis formulation.

make more questions, but make them much more concise and shorter in the prompt length as possible

Of course! Here are some concise theoretical questions across STEM disciplines:

  1. What are the theoretical implications of extra spatial dimensions beyond the three we experience?

  2. How might the discovery of a grand unified theory revolutionize our understanding of fundamental forces and particles?

  3. What potential applications and ethical considerations surround scalable quantum computing?

  4. What are the theoretical limits ethical considerations of altering the human germline using CRISPR-Cas9?

  5. What theoretical frameworks exist for explaining dark matter and dark energy in astrophysics?

  6. How could advancements in nanotechnology lead to the development of revolutionary new materials with extraordinary properties?

more!

Certainly! Here are additional concise theoretical questions in the STEM field:

  1. What theoretical advancements necessary for the development of practical nuclear fusion as a sustainable energy source?

  2. How might the discovery of new fundamental particles beyond the Standard Model reshape our understanding of particle physics?

  3. What theoretical breakthroughs are needed to overcome the limitations of current quantum communication and enable secure, long-distance quantum networks10. What theoretical advancements could lead to the creation of stable metallic hydrogen and what potential applications could arise from its synthesis?

  4. How could advancements in theoretical materials science lead to the development of room-temperature superconductors with widespread societal impact?

  5. What are the theoretical challenges in achieving reliable and autonomous vehicles in complex, real-world environments?

explain to me how gears work in detail, and how they get their energy, how they convert it, etc.

Gears are fundamental components in various mechanical systems, playing a critical role in transmitting power and motion from one part of a machine to another. The energy that drives gears is typically provided by a mechanical power source, such as an engine, motor, or human power, and is transmitted through the rotation of a shaft. Gears can operate in a variety of configurations and are capable of altering the speed, torque, and direction of the power they transmit.

The interaction of gears relies on the principle of intermeshing teeth. When two gears are in contact, the teeth of one gear mesh with the gaps between the teeth of the other gear. This interlocking of teeth allows rotational motion to be transmitted from one gear to another.

In essence, gears work by transferring torque and rotational motion. When a force is applied to one gear, it causes it to rotate. The interaction of the teeth then transfers this rotation to the meshed gear, enabling the rotational motion to be transmitted to the connected system. Gears in a system can change the speed, torque, and direction of the rotating power source.

The mechanical advantage provided by gears is a result of their differing sizes and the number of teeth they possess. When a larger gear (more teeth) meshes with a smaller gear (fewer teeth), the smaller gear will rotate faster than the larger gear, but with reduced torque. Conversely, if the smaller gear drives the larger gear, the larger gear will rotate more slowly, but with increased torque. This exchange of rotational speed and torque is a foundational aspect of how gears function.

In summary, gears operate by interlocking teeth to transmit and alter the speed, torque, and direction of rotational motion. They play a crucial role in various machines and mechanisms, enabling the efficient transfer of power for a wide array of mechanical applications.

This article is about mechanical gears. For other uses, see Gear (disambiguation). For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain, see Sprocket. Two intermeshing gears transmitting rotational motion. Since the larger gear is rotating less quickly, its torque is proportionally greater. One subtlety of this particular arrangement is that the linear speed at the pitch diameter is the same on both gears. Multiple reducer gears in a microwave oven. Cast iron mortise wheel with wooden cogs (powered by an external water wheel) meshing with a cast iron gear wheel, connected to a pulley with drive belt. Oil mill in Storckensohn (Haut-Rhin), France. A gear is a rotating circular machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with another (compatible) toothed part to transmit (convert) torque and speed. The basic principle behind the operation of gears is analogous to the basic principle of levers.[1] A gear may also be known informally as a cog. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Gears of different sizes produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine. The rotational speeds, and the torques, of two meshing gears differ in proportion to their diameters. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.[2] Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed, belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage. In transmissions with multiple gear ratiossuch as bicycles, motorcycles, and carsthe term "gear" (e.g., "first gear") refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term describes similar devices, even when the gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not actually contain gears, as in a continuously variable transmission (CVT). Sometimes a CVT is referred to as an "infinitely variable transmission".[3] Furthermore, a gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called a rack, producing movement in a straight line instead of rotation (movement in a circle). See Rack and Pinion for an example. History[edit] Iron gears, Han dynasty The earliest examples of gears date from the 4th century BC in China[4] (Zhan Guo times Late East Zhou dynasty), which have been preserved at the Luoyang Museum of Henan Province, China. The earliest preserved gears in Europe were found in the Antikythera mechanism an example of a very early and intricate geared device, designed to calculate astronomical positions. Its time of construction is now estimated between 150 and 100 BC.[5] Aristotle mentions gears around 330 BC, (wheel drives in windlasses). He said that the direction of rotation is reversed when one gear wheel drives another gear wheel. Philon of Byzantium was one of the first who used gears in water raising devices[6]. Gears appear in works connected to Hero of Alexandria, in Roman Egypt circa AD 50,[7] but can be traced back to the mechanics of the Library of Alexandria in 3rd-century BC Ptolemaic Egypt, and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes (287212 BC).[8] Single-stage gear reducer A complex geared calendrical device showing the phase of the Moon, the day of the month and the places of the Sun and the Moon in the Zodiac was invented in the Byzantine empire in the early 6th century AD.[9] The worm gear was invented in the Indian subcontinent, for use in roller cotton gins, some time during the 13th14th centuries.[10] Differential gears may have been used in some of the Chinese south-pointing chariots,[11] but the first verifiable use of differential gears was by the British clock maker Joseph Williamson in 1720. Examples of early gear applications include: 1386 AD: The Salisbury Cathedral clock: it is the world's oldest still wor

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Its not a very common thing to find someone who doesnt know what a gear is. Theyre everywhere in the world, on everything from bikes to buses, and have been for generations. Here well take a closer look at exactly what a gear is, how its made, and how it works. What is a Gear? Gear is a simple wheel with toothed edges fixed in machines to enable different parts to move at a different speed or different directions. Gears transit rotary action from a moving shaft to another and also to change the direction of rotation. How Do Gears Work? Gears are used for transmitting power from one part of a machine to another. For example, in a bicycle take power from the pedals to the back wheel. Similarly, in a car, gears transmit power from the crankshaft (the rotating axle that takes power from the engine) to the driveshaft running under the car that ultimately powers the wheels. There can be any number of gears connected together and they can be in different shapes and sizes. Each time you pass power from one gear wheel to another, one of the three things happen: Increase Speed: If you connect two gears together and the first one has more teeth than the second one (generally that means its a bigger-sized wheel), the second one has to turn round much faster to keep up. So this arrangement means the second wheel turns faster than the first one but with less force. Looking at our diagram below, turning the red wheel (with 40 teeth) would make the blue wheel (with 20 teeth) go twice as fast but with half as much force.Increase Force: If the second wheel in a pair of gears has more teeth than the first one (that is, if its a larger wheel), it turns slower than the first one but with more force. Change Direction: When two gears mesh together, the second one always turns in the opposite direction. So if the first one turns clockwise, the second one must turn counterclockwise. You can also use specially shaped gears to make the power of a machine turn through an angle. In a car, for example, the differential (a gearbox in the middle of the rear axle of a rear-wheel drive car) uses a cone-shaped bevel gear to turn the driveshafts power through 90 degrees and turn the back wheels. How Do Gears Work? Types of Gears There are various types of gears depending on their applications. But broadly these are divided into four types: Spur Gears It is used to transmit motion and power between two parallel shafts. Spur gears are used for a wide range of speed ratios in a variety of mechanical applications, such as clocks, electric screwdrivers, pumps, watering systems, material handling equipment, power plant machinery, and clothes washing and drying machines. Spur Gear Helical Gears It is used to transmit motion and power between two parallel shafts. Crossed helical gears can be employed for non-parallel shafts (usually perpendicular); however, are rarely used. The most common use for helical gears is in automotive transmissions. Helical gears are ideal for high-speed applications because they suffer from less friction and wear than other gears, but theyre still capable of transferring significant amounts of force. Helical Gear Bevel Gears It is used to transmit motion and power between two intersecting shafts (not necessarily perpendicular). Bevel gears are used in differential drives, which can transmit power to two axles spinning at different speeds, such as those on a cornering automobile. Bevel gears are used as the main mechanism for a hand drill. Bevel Gear Worm Gears It is used to transmit motion and power between two non-intersecting shafts, which are usually perpendicular to each other. Worm gears are used in the manufacturing and packaging industries. They are used in packaging equipment, small machinery, and conveyors. They are ideal for these types of equipment because they have fewer gear sets which achieve high gear ratios. Worm Gear Types of Monitors Conclusion We hope that you have enjoyed this blog about how do gears work. It is a useful

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Search ResultsFeatured snippet from the webGears are wheels with teeth that slot together. When one gear is turned the other one turns as well. If the gears are of different sizes, they can be used to increase the power of a turning force. The smaller wheel turns more quickly but with less force, while the bigger one turns more slowly with more force.Jun 9, 2023 Gears are used in tons of mechanical devices. Most importantly, they provide a gear reduction in motorized equipment.8key momentsin this video10key momentsin this video3key momentsin this videoA gear is a rotating circular machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with...How Do Gears Work ... Gears can serve as an efficient means to reverse the direction of motion, change rotational speed, or to change which axis the rotary motion...Nov 3, 2021 In a car or a motorcycle, the gears "mesh" so the teeth of one wheel lock into the teeth of another; that stops them slipping, which means power...Gears are usually found in sets of two or more, used to transmit rotation from the axis of one gear to the axis of another. The teeth of a gear one one axis...What Happened: Gears work to change the direction of motion. When you turned the big gear one way, the little gear turned the other way! Gears also change speed...Jun 30, 2022 Gear is a simple wheel with toothed edges fixed in machines to enable different parts to move at a different speed or different directions.AdsPage Navigation

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give me a list of 5 of each Science-field subjects, 5 of each Tech-field subjects, 5 of each Engineering-field subjects & 5 of each Mathematics-field subject

Certainly! Here are examples of subjects within each of the specified fields:

Science:

  1. Physics
  2. Chemistry
  3. Biology
  4. Astronomy
  5. Environmental Science

Technology:

  1. Computer Science
  2. Information Technology
  3. Cybersecurity
  4. Data Science
  5. Web Development

Engineering:

  1. Mechanical Engineering
  2. Electrical Engineering
  3. Civil Engineering
  4. Aerospace Engineering
  5. Chemical Engineering

Mathematics:

  1. Algebra
  2. Calculus
  3. Statistics
  4. Discrete Mathematics
  5. Linear Algebra

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mind map of top level disciplines and professions An academic discipline or field of study is known as a branch of knowledge. It is taught as an accredited part of higher education. A scholar's discipline is commonly defined and recognized by a university faculty. That person will be accredited by learned societies to which they belong along with the academic journals in which they publish. However, no formal criteria exist for defining an academic discipline. Disciplines vary between universities and even programs. These will have well-defined rosters of journals and conferences supported by a few universities and publications. Most disciplines are broken down into (potentially overlapping) branches called sub-disciplines. There is no consensus on how some academic disciplines should be classified (e.g., whether anthropology and linguistics are disciplines of social sciences or fields within the humanities). More generally, the proper criteria for organizing knowledge into disciplines are also open to debate. Humanities and social sciences[edit] Anthropology[edit] Anthropological criminology Anthropological linguistics Synchronic linguistics (or Descriptive linguistics) Diachronic linguistics (or Historical linguistics) Ethnolinguistics Semiotic anthropology Sociolinguistics Anthrozoology Biological anthropology Gene-culture coevolution Evolutionary anthropology Forensic anthropology Human behavioral ecology Human evolution Medical anthropology Molecular anthropology Neuroanthropology Nutritional anthropology Paleoanthropology Population genetics Primatology Biocultural anthropology Cultural anthropology Anthropology of development Anthropology of religion Applied anthropology Cognitive anthropology Cyborg anthropology Digital anthropology Digital culture Ecological anthropology Economic anthropology Environmental anthropology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnography Ethnohistory Ethnology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Feminist anthropology Folklore Kinship Legal anthropology Mythology Missiology Political anthropology Political economic anthropology Psychological anthropology Public anthropology Symbolic anthropology Transpersonal anthropology Urban anthropology Linguistic anthropology Social anthropology Anthropology of art Anthropology of institutions Anthropology of media Visual anthropology Archaeology[edit] Aerial archaeology Aviation archaeology Anthracology Archaeo-optics Archaeoacoustics Archaeoastronomy Archaeogeography Archaeological culture Archaeological theory Great ages archaeology Functionalism Processualism Post-processualism Cognitive archaeology Gender archaeology Feminist archaeology Archaeometry Archaeogenetics Bioarchaeology Computational archaeology Dendrochronology Geoarchaeology Isotope analysis Palynology Radiocarbon dating Zooarchaeology Archaeology of religion and ritual Archaeology of trade Archaeomythology Architectural analytics Battlefield archaeology Calceology Conflict archaeology Data archaeology Digital archaeology Experimental archaeology Environmental archaeology Ethnoarchaeology Forensic archaeology Glyptology History of archaeology Household archaeology Landscape archaeology and Landscape history Manuscriptology Maritime archaeology Media archaeology Modern archaeology Settlement archaeology Music archaeology Osteology Palaeoarchaeology Paleoanthropology Paleoethnobotany Paleopathology Paleoradiology Taphonomy Urban archaeology Historical archaeology Prehistoric archaeology protohistoric archaeology Biblical archaeology Classical archaeology Egyptology Assyriology Etruscology Near Eastern archaeology Medieval archaeology Post-medieval archaeology Industrial archaeology Contemporary archaeology African archaeology Australian archaeology European archaeology Russian archaeology Archaeology of the Americas Archaeology of China Archaeology of Israel History[edit] African history South African history Egyptian history East and Central African history Niger

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Science course is a multi-disciplined academic field for students with the following subject combinations in class 12th PCM (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics) and PCB (Physics, Chemistry, Biology). Students looking forward to a career in Science have a wide range of options at Diploma, Certificate, UG (undergraduate) PG (postgraduate) levels. Students can choose to pursue courses such as BSc (Bachelor of Science), MSc (Master of Science) and PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in a variety of Science branches/specialisations. The Science course level ranges between 1 month to even 4 years. A candidate must have passed a Science stream in Class 12 to be eligible for Science courses. To get admission to Science courses, candidates must make sure to sit for entrance examinations such as IIT JAM, ICAR AIEEA, NEST, UPCATET, etc. The average Science course fee can range between INR 800 and INR 20 Lakh. Once graduated with a Science degree or any Science-related specialisation, candidates can opt for job profiles such as Physicist, Pharmacist, Chemical Engineer, Biochemist, Geophysicist, Microbiologist, Conservationist, Meteorologist, Food scientist, etc. The top recruiters that employ a Science course graduate include Google, Yahoo, IBM, HCL Technologies, Verizon, Accenture, etc. To know more about Science courses, candidates can continue reading. Table of Contents Science Latest Updates Science Highlights All About Science 3.1 Why Study Science? 3.2 Who Should Study Science? Science Entrance Exams 2023 Science Eligibility Criteria Science Syllabus 6.1 Science Syllabus: Specialisation-wise 6.2 Science Courses Top Science Colleges in India 7.1 Top Government Colleges for Science Courses 7.2 Top Private Government Colleges for Science Courses Science Career Scope: Job Profiles, Salary & Top Recruiters 8.1 Top Recruiters in Science 8.2 Science Job Profiles Science FAQs Science Latest Updates AIIMS BSc Paramedical to be held on 6 Jul '24 AIIMS BSc (H) Nursing Exam to be held on 8 Jun '24 NEET 2024 Exam to be held on 5 May '24 Science Highlights In the 12th grade, science is a multidisciplinary course with a variety of subject combinations. PCB (Physics, Chemistry, and Biology), PCM (Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics), and PCMB are some examples of these pairings (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology). The student has a variety of alternatives for the future if they pursue a successful career in science. Candidates can check some of the key points of the Science course in the table below. Particulars Details Course Level UG, PG, PhD, Diploma & Certificates Course Duration 1 month - 3 years Course Fee INR 800 - INR 20 Lakh Entrance Exam IIT JAM, ICAR AIEEA, NEST, UPCATET Popular colleges Banaras Hindu University, Delhi University,Jamia Millia Islamia,Jawaharlal Nehru University Job Profiles Physicist, Pharmacist, Chemical Engineer, Biochemist, Geophysicist, Microbiologist, Conservationist, Meteorologist, Food scientist, etc. Average Annual Salary INR 2,3 Lakh - INR 5 Lakh Top Recruiters Google, Yahoo, IBM, HCL Technologies, Verizon, Accenture, etc. Also Read: Indo-German Science & Technology Centre Invites Proposals for Joint R&D&I Projects G 20: DST India Secretary meets EU delegation All About Science One of the oldest academic fields in the world is considered to be Science. The Latin word "Scientia," which means "knowledge," is where the word "science" first appeared. Examining the natural and physical world through analysis, observation, and experiments are a primary focus of scientific education. As a result, students who pursue further education in any scientific field learn how to pose questions, gather information and data, and use their ideas to solve issues. Why Study Science? One of the degrees with the strongest financial returns is in the sciences. Along with receiving great instruction, cutting-edge technology, and high student-teacher contact periods, science graduates also make significantly more money than the typical gr

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Among the two streams of science, biology is chosen if one wants to start his career in the medical field, and Mathematics is chosen for Engineering, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Architecture, Robotics, etc. Follow this article till the end to get an all-around awareness about the list of science stream subjects, the subsequent available courses after 12th science, and the most rewarding jobs after 12th science that you will be eligible for. Table of Contents Science stream Subjects Various science stream subjects are divided into two distinctive broad branches, the Non-medical and Medical stream. Physics and Chemistry are the common science stream subjects in both. Mathematics is taken by students who wish to pursue careers in engineering, architecture, aeronautics, etc. Biology is opted for by the students who wish to pursue medical field-related jobs after 12th science. Physics Physics is the oldest field in the world of science and is a common base for most of the subjects in the field of science as well as in other fields. It centers around understanding how the universe acts. Advances in the field of Physics, enable advancements in technologies, such as the study of Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics, Mechanics, Nuclear Physics, and Solid-state Physics. Physics is one of those science stream subjects which opens up numerous opportunities for jobs after 12th science. Check the detailed class 12 physics syllabus and preparation strategy, below. Chemistry Chemistry is the study of atoms and matter, which are the fundamental components of life. It is one of the crucial science stream subjects that teaches us in-depth information about the properties, composition, and structure of matter. With the development of technology, new topics in the study of chemistry, such as biomolecules, synthetic materials, industrial chemistry, and natural resources, have begun to emerge recently. The main divisions of chemistry are organic and inorganic. Chemistry course after 12th science opens up ample opportunities for jobs after 12th science. Check the detailed class 12 chemistry syllabus and preparation strategy below, and start preparing now. Mathematics Mathematics is a field that deals with numbers and helps students to think in a more structured and logical manner. Calculus, Mathematical Reasoning, Algebra, Probability, and Linear Programming are some of the topics covered in mathematics. This is the most conceptual topic among all the science stream subjects. A UG course after 12th science in mathematics opens up several rewarding opportunities for jobs after 12th science. Check the detailed class 12 maths syllabus and preparation strategy below, and start preparing now. Biology The term Biology is derived from the Greek language, with bios meaning life and 'logos' meaning study, which means the study of all life forms. Exactly that is what biology is. Biology is the study of living things, including plants and animals, and covers topics including their physical makeup, internal workings, molecular interactions, growth, evolution, and more. This is one of the most insightful and interesting science stream subjects. Enrolling in a UG course after 12th science, with biology as your subject will open your eyes to various earlier unknown facts about life forms and their existence. This will as well open various prospects for jobs after 12th science with biology. Check the detailed class 12 biology syllabus and preparation strategy below, and start preparing now. Optional subjects Course after 12th in Science For admissions, the most common B.Tech entrance examinations are JEE Main and JEE Advanced. Along with these national-level entrance examinations, there are many state and private-level entrance examinations. The basic eligibility criteria for B.Tech are class 12 with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. However, there are additional criteria in every entrance exam and institute. An MBBS degree is an undergraduate course for t

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give me 2 sub-fields of each of those subjects you mentioned

Certainly! Here are two subfields for each of the subjects mentioned:

Physics:

  1. Quantum Mechanics
  2. Astrophysics

Chemistry:

  1. Organic Chemistry
  2. Physical Chemistry

Biology:

  1. Molecular Biology
  2. Ecology

Astronomy:

  1. Cosmology
  2. Planetary Science

Environmental Science:

  1. Environmental Chemistry
  2. Conservation Biology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Visual representation of a Schwarzschild wormhole. Wormholes have never been observed, but they are predicted to exist through mathematical models and scientific theory. Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena. The advancement of science generally depends on the interplay between experimental studies and theory. In some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of mathematical rigour while giving little weight to experiments and observations.[a] For example, while developing special relativity, Albert Einstein was concerned with the Lorentz transformation which left Maxwell's equations invariant, but was apparently uninterested in the MichelsonMorley experiment on Earth's drift through a luminiferous aether.[1] Conversely, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect, previously an experimental result lacking a theoretical formulation.[2] Overview[edit] A physical theory is a model of physical events. It is judged by the extent to which its predictions agree with empirical observations. The quality of a physical theory is also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a mathematical theorem in that while both are based on some form of axioms, judgment of mathematical applicability is not based on agreement with any experimental results.[3][4] A physical theory similarly differs from a mathematical theory, in the sense that the word "theory" has a different meaning in mathematical terms.[b] The equations for an Einstein manifold, used in general relativity to describe the curvature of spacetime A physical theory involves one or more relationships between various measurable quantities. Archimedes realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water, Pythagoras understood the relation between the length of a vibrating string and the musical tone it produces.[5][6] Other examples include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles and the quantum mechanical idea that (action and) energy are not continuously variable. Theoretical physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard, theoretical particle physics forms a good example. For instance: "phenomenologists" might employ (semi-) empirical formulas and heuristics to agree with experimental results, often without deep physical understanding.[c] "Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.[d] Some attempt to create approximate theories, called effective theories, because fully developed theories may be regarded as unsolvable or too complicated. Other theorists may try to unify, formalise, reinterpret or generalise extant theories, or create completely new ones altogether.[e] Sometimes the vision provided by pure mathematical systems can provide clues to how a physical system might be modeled;[f] e.g., the notion, due to Riemann and others, that space itself might be curved. Theoretical problems that need computational investigation are often the concern of computational physics. Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied. In the latter case, a correspondence principle will be required to recover the previous

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Domains of major fields of physics Physics is a scientific discipline that seeks to construct and experimentally test theories of the physical universe. These theories vary in their scope and can be organized into several distinct branches, which are outlined in this article. Classical mechanics[edit] Classical mechanics is a model of the physics of forces acting upon bodies; includes sub-fields to describe the behaviors of solids, gases, and fluids. It is often referred to as "Newtonian mechanics" after Isaac Newton and his laws of motion. It also includes the classical approach as given by Hamiltonian and Lagrange methods. It deals with the motion of particles and the general system of particles. There are many branches of classical mechanics, such as: statics, dynamics, kinematics, continuum mechanics (which includes fluid mechanics), statistical mechanics, etc. Mechanics: A branch of physics in which we study the object and properties of an object in form of a motion under the action of the force. Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics[edit] The first chapter of The Feynman Lectures on Physics is about the existence of atoms, which Feynman considered to be the most compact statement of physics, from which science could easily result even if all other knowledge was lost.[1] By modeling matter as collections of hard spheres, it is possible to describe the kinetic theory of gases, upon which classical thermodynamics is based. Thermodynamics studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems on the macroscopic scale, and the transfer of energy as heat.[2][3] Historically, thermodynamics developed out of the desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines.[4] The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations is the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work.[5] They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any system.[6] In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system and surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, which in turn are related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes. Electromagnetism and photonics[edit] The study of the behaviors of electrons, electric media, magnets, magnetic fields, and general interactions of light. Relativistic mechanics[edit] The special theory of relativity enjoys a relationship with electromagnetism and mechanics; that is, the principle of relativity and the principle of stationary action in mechanics can be used to derive Maxwell's equations,[7][8] and vice versa. The theory of special relativity was proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in his article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". The title of the article refers to the fact that special relativity resolves an inconsistency between Maxwell's equations and classical mechanics. The theory is based on two postulates: (1) that the mathematical forms of the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems; and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and independent of the source or observer. Reconciling the two postulates requires a unification of space and time into the frame-dependent concept of spacetime. General relativity is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16.[9][10] It unifies special relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation, and the insight that gravitation can be described by the curvature of space and time. In general relativity, the curvature of spacetime is produced by the energy of matter and radiation. Quantum mechanics, atomic physics, and molec

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Next: Physics of Computation Up: Physical Applications Previous: Maximum Entropy Physics Subfields Maximum-entropy methods have found application in almost every subfield of physics, and in many other areas of science. For example, the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries (CARL) database UnCover scans some 17,000 journals, and since 1988 cites almost 500 articles applying maximum-entropy techniques in more than 100 different areas of research. While it is not possible to list all those articles here, the following references provide examples of the use of general information-theoretic ideas in various subfields of physics, as well as a few earlier works incorporating maximum entropy. Acoustics:63.``Structural Information Theory of Sound," T.W. Barrett, Acustica 36, 271-281 (1976). (A) Atmospheric Physics:64.``A Statistical Description of Coagulation," J.M. Rosen, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 99, 9-19 (1984). (A) Chemistry and Chemical Physics:65.``Studies in Chemical Dynamics: Information Theory and the Franck-Condon Model," C.L. Vila, Ph.D. thesis, Massachsetts Institute of Technology, 1978. (A) 66.``Application of InformationTheory in Chemical Physics," S.B. Sears, Ph.D. thesis, University of North Carolina, 1980. (A) 67.Information Theory in Analytical Chemistry, K. Echschlager (Wiley, New York, 1994.). (A) 68.``An Information-Theoretical Estimate of the Exchange Parameter in X Alpha Theory," K.B.K. Raju, P.S.V. Nair, and K.D. Sen, Chem. Phys. Lett. 170, 89-93, 1990. (A) Condensed Matter:69. ``Maximum Entropy in Condensed Matter Theory," D. Drabold and G. Jones, in Ref. 57, pp. 79-92. (A) 70.``Statistical Geometry. I. A Self-Consistent Approach to thje Crystallographic Inversion Problem," S.W. Wilkens, J.N. Varghese, and M.S. Lehmann, Acta Cryst. A39, 47-60 (1983). (A) Geophysics:71.``The Maximum Entropy Approach to Inverse Problems," E. Rietsch, J. Geophys. 42, 489-506 (1977). (A) 72.``Detection of the 11-Year Sunspot Cycle Signal in Earth Rotation," R.G. Currie, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 61, 131-140 (1980). (A) Mathematical Physics:73.``Maximum Entropy in the Problem of Moments," L.R. Mead and N. Papanicolaou, J. Math. Phys. 25, 2404-2417 (1984). (A) Nonlinear Dynamics:74.``A new metric invariant of transitive dynamical systems," A.N. Kolmogorov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 119, 861-864 (1958). (A) 75.``On the concept of entropy for a dynamic system," Ya.G. Sinai, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 124, 768-771 (1959). (A) 76.``Kolmogorov entropy and numerical experiments," G. Benettin, L. Galgani, and J.-M. Strelcyn, Phys. Rev. A 14, 2338-2345 (1976). An application to the Hnon-Heiles model that explicates its properties based on numerical studies. (A) 77.``Short Paths and Information Theory in Quantum Chaotic Scattering: Transport Through Quantum Dots," H.U. Baranger and P.A. Mello, Europhys. Lett. 33, 465-470 (1996). (A) 78. Chaos in Dynamical Systems, E. Ott (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993). (A) 79.Thermodynamics of Chaotic Systems, C. Beck and F. Schlgl (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993). (A) Nuclear Physics:80.``Information and estimation in nuclear measurements," J.K. Vaurio, Nucl. Insts. Methods 99, 373-378 (1972). (A) 81.``Information Theory and Statistical Nuclear Reactions, I. General Theory and Applications to Few-Channel Problems," P.A. Mello, P. Bereyra, and T.H. Seligman, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 161, 254- 275 (1985). (A) 82.``Information Theory and Statistical Nuclear Reactions, II. Many-Channel Case and Hauser-Feshbach Formula" W.A. Friedman and P.A. Mello, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 161, 276-302 (1985). (A) Optics:83.``Information Theory in Holography," D. Gabor, in Optical and Acoustical Holography, edited by E. Camatini, Plenum Press, New York, 1972, pp.23-40. (I) 84.Optics and Information Theory, F.T.S. Yu (Wiley, London, 1976). (A) 85.Information Theory Applied to Solar Radiation Concentrators, R.P. Patera, Ph.D. thesis, University of Miami, 1979. (A) Quantum Mechanics:86.``The Information Gain by Localizi

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