Conversation with Merlin [email protected] · Sat Dec 16 2023

i've made a sql to a data base project, i will give the project then the code and find the mistakes ABC Training Center

ABC is a training center that conducts various training courses. Each course is identified by a course no, title, units, level, and subject. Courses are conducted by instructors, who can be full time or part time. Instructors are identified by an identifier, name, mobile phone number, email, address comprising of street name, city and country, and specialty. An instructor’s employment status is determined at the time of appointment. Part time instructors work a number of hours each month and are paid according to a pay rate, which must be greater than 20, determined by the training center. Full time instructors have monthly salaries. In certain circumstances, full time instructors may be assigned additional training courses besides to their training load and they are paid as part time instructors. An instructor can train a group of students in one course for each training period. The same course may be conducted by several instructors at the same training periods. Each year is divided into 4 training periods. The starting and ending dates describe a training period. A student, described by an id, student number, name, address, at least one email, and age, may participate in up to 3 training courses per period. Students' information may be queried using first and last names.

The project consists of four phases:

  1. Conceptual Design Phase:

In this phase, you are to develop an Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) diagram using UML notation for the database based on the information provided. If there are ambiguities, you must resolve them and state your assumptions. The EER diagram must conceptually model the data requirements of the enterprise.

  1. Logical Design Phase In this phase, you must map the EER diagram into a set of relations with minimal nulls. Show primary keys and identify foreign keys.

  2. Relations Normalization Phase In this phase, you must normalize your relational database design to the 3NF.

  3. Database Implementation Phase In this phase, write SQL DDL statements that can be used to create the tables for the relations you obtained from phase (3) with sample data (an average of 3 rows per table). Write an SQL statement to list all instructors who are full time and worked on a part time basis in alphabetical order of names. Write an SQL statement to list all student names and their completed courses. CREATE TABLE Course ( CourseNo INT PRIMARY KEY, Title VARCHAR(255), Units INT, Level VARCHAR(50), Subject VARCHAR(100) );

CREATE TABLE Instructor ( ID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(255), Mobile VARCHAR(20), Email VARCHAR(255), Address VARCHAR(255), Specialty VARCHAR(100), EmploymentStatus VARCHAR(20) );

CREATE TABLE Student ( ID INT PRIMARY KEY, StudentNo INT, Name VARCHAR(255), Address VARCHAR(255), Email VARCHAR(255), Age INT );

CREATE TABLE TrainingPeriod ( StartDate DATE PRIMARY KEY, EndDate DATE );

CREATE TABLE Teaches ( InstructorID INT, CourseNo INT, TrainingPeriod DATE, PRIMARY KEY (InstructorID, CourseNo, TrainingPeriod), FOREIGN KEY (InstructorID) REFERENCES Instructor(ID), FOREIGN KEY (CourseNo) REFERENCES Course(CourseNo), FOREIGN KEY (TrainingPeriod) REFERENCES TrainingPeriod(StartDate) );

CREATE TABLE Enrolls ( StudentID INT, CourseNo INT, TrainingPeriod DATE, PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, CourseNo, TrainingPeriod), FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES Student(ID), FOREIGN KEY (CourseNo) REFERENCES Course(CourseNo), FOREIGN KEY (TrainingPeriod) REFERENCES TrainingPeriod(StartDate) ); -- Create the Instructor table CREATE TABLE Instructor ( ID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(100), Mobile VARCHAR(20), Email VARCHAR(100), Address VARCHAR(100), Specialty VARCHAR(50), EmploymentStatus VARCHAR(20) );

-- Insert sample data into the Instructor table INSERT INTO Instructor VALUES (1, 'Instructor1', '123-456-7890', '[email protected]', '123 Main St, City, Country', 'Specialty1', 'Full Time'); INSERT INTO Instructor VALUES (2, 'Instructor2', '987-654-3210', '[email protected]', '456 Oak St, City, Country', 'Specialty2', 'Part Time'); INSERT INTO Instructor VALUES (3, 'Instructor3', '555-123-4567', '[email protected]', '789 Pine St, City, Country', 'Specialty3', 'Full Time');

-- Create the Student table CREATE TABLE Student ( ID INT PRIMARY KEY, StudentNo INT, Name VARCHAR(100), Address VARCHAR(100), Email VARCHAR(100), Age INT );

-- Insert sample data into the Student table INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1, 1001, 'Student1', '101 Ram, City, Country', '[email protected]', 20); INSERT INTO Student VALUES (2, 1002, 'Student2', '202 Lakman, City, Country', '[email protected]', 22); INSERT INTO Student VALUES (3, 1003, 'Student3', '303 Sita, City, Country', '[email protected]', 25);

-- Create the TrainingPeriod table CREATE TABLE TrainingPeriod ( StartDate DATE PRIMARY KEY, EndDate DATE );

-- Insert sample data into the TrainingPeriod table INSERT INTO TrainingPeriod VALUES ('2023-01-01', '2023-04-01'); INSERT INTO TrainingPeriod VALUES ('2023-04-02', '2023-07-01'); INSERT INTO TrainingPeriod VALUES ('2023-07-02', '2023-10-01');

-- Create the Teaches table CREATE TABLE Teaches ( InstructorID INT, CourseNo INT, StartDate DATE, EndDate DATE, PRIMARY KEY (InstructorID, CourseNo, StartDate, EndDate), FOREIGN KEY (InstructorID) REFERENCES Instructor(ID), FOREIGN KEY (CourseNo) REFERENCES Course(CourseNo), FOREIGN KEY (StartDate, EndDate) REFERENCES TrainingPeriod(StartDate, EndDate) );

-- Insert sample data into the Teaches table INSERT INTO Teaches VALUES (1, 1, '2023-01-01', '2023-04-01'); INSERT INTO Teaches VALUES (2, 2, '2023-04-02', '2023-07-01'); INSERT INTO Teaches VALUES (3, 3, '2023-07-02', '2023-10-01');

-- Create the Enrolls table CREATE TABLE Enrolls ( StudentID INT, CourseNo INT, StartDate DATE, EndDate DATE, PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, CourseNo, StartDate, EndDate), FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES Student(ID), FOREIGN KEY (CourseNo) REFERENCES Course(CourseNo), FOREIGN KEY (StartDate, EndDate) REFERENCES TrainingPeriod(StartDate, EndDate) );

-- Insert sample data into the Enrolls table INSERT INTO Enrolls VALUES (1, 1, '2023-01-01', '2023-04-01'); INSERT INTO Enrolls VALUES (2, 2, '2023-04-02', '2023-07-01'); INSERT INTO Enrolls VALUES (3, 3, '2023-07-02', '2023-10-01');

There are several issues and potential corrections that need to be made to the SQL provided:

  1. Duplicate Instructor table creation: The CREATE TABLE Instructor statement appears twice. The second one should be removed to avoid an error if this script is executed.

  2. Address column structure: The description of the instructor and student address contains street name, city, and country. These should be in columns for normalization and ease of query.

  3. The TrainingPeriod table only has start date as the primary key, which might not be unique enough if two training periods start on the same day in different years. It would be more accurate to have a composite key that includes both StartDate and EndDate, or preferably a separate PeriodID.

  4. Foreign key reference issues in Teaches and Enrolls: The to the TrainingPeriod table should include both StartDate and EndDate. Additionally, there's an assumption here that a combination of StartDate and EndDate would uniquely identify a training period, which is not established by the current table structure.

  5. Payment details for part-time and full-time instructors: There are no columns to store the number of hours worked by part-time instructors, the pay rate, or the monthly salary for full-time instructors.

  6. Full time instructors having part-time assignments: There is no structure to capture the additional part-time assignments for full-time instructors.

7 Lack of course completion status for students: There is no table or column to store whether a student has completed a course.

  1. Limiting students to 3 courses per period: There’s constraint or structure in place to enforce the rule limiting students to 3 courses per training period.

Considering the above points, the SQL data definitions might be revised to include additional attributes and constraints, such as:

CREATE TABLE Instructor ( ID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(255), Mobile VARCHAR(20), Email VARCHAR(255), StreetName VARCHAR(), City VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255), Specialty VARCHAR(100), Status VARCHAR(20), PartTimeHours INT, -- Assuming part-time worked PartTimePayRate DECIMAL(7,2), -- Assuming pay for part-time work MonthlySalary DECIMAL(7,2) -- Assuming salary for full-time instructors -- Other columns and constraints as necessary ); -- Other table definitions would be similarly updated. CREATE TABLE TrainingPeriod ( PeriodID INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, StartDate DATE, EndDate DATE -- Unique or check constraints to ensure no overlapping periods ); -- Update foreign key references in Teaches and Enrolls CREATE TABLE Teaches ( -- Other columns as before TrainingPeriodID INT, -- Assuming change to PeriodID -- Foreign key references updated to reflect this ); -- Create a new attribute or table to track course completions for students, etc.

Finally, regarding the SQL statements requested in the implementation phase, the specific statement would depend on the full structure of the database, including these necessary corrections. Here’s an example of what one of those statements might look like with the corrected schema:

SQL to list all instructors who are full time and worked on a part-time basis:

SELECT DISTINCT I.Name FROM Instructor I JOIN Teaches T ON I.ID =.InstructorID WHERE I.EmploymentStatus = ' Time' AND I.PartTimeHours > 0 ORDER BY I.Name;

Please note that without knowing the exact structure intended for tracking whether full-time instructors worked as part-time (such as a separate table logging part-time assignments) this statement is based on the assumption that the PartTimeHours column is used to store hours worked in part-time capacity.

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SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It's used with all kinds of relational databases.Basic SQL Syntax ExampleThis guide provides a basic, high level description of the syntax for SQL statements.SQL is an international standard (ISO), but you will find many differences between implementations. This guide uses MySQL as an example. If you use one of the many other Relational Database Managers (DBMS) youll need to check the manual for that DBMS if needed.What we will coverUse (sets what database the statement will use)Select and From clausesWhere Clause (and / or, IN, Between, LIKE)Order By (ASC, DESC)Group by and HavingHow to use thisThis is used to select the database containing the tables for your SQL statements:use fcc_sql_guides_database; -- select the guide sample database Select and From clausesThe Select part is normally used to determine which columns of the data you want to show in the results. There are also options you can use to show data that is not a table column.This example shows two columns selected from the student table, and two calculated columns. The first of the calculated columns is a meaningless number, and the other is the system date.select studentID, FullName, sat_score, recordUpdated, 3+2 as five, now() as currentDate from student; Where Clause (and / or, IN, Between and LIKE)The WHERE clause is used to limit the number of rows returned.In this case all five of these will be used is a somewhat ridiculous Where clause.Compare this result to the above SQL statement to follow this logic.Rows will be presented that:Have Student IDs between 1 and 5 (inclusive)or studentID = 8or have Maxmimo in the nameThe following example is similar, but it further specifies that if any of the students have certain SAT scores (1000, 1400), they will not be presented:select studentID, FullName, sat_score, recordUpdated from student where ( studentID between 1 and 5 or studentID = 8 or FullName like '%Maximo%' ) and sat_score NOT in (1000, 1400); Order By (ASC, DESC)Order By gives us a way to sort the result set by one or more of the items in the SELECT section. Here is the same list as above, but sorted by the students Full Name. The default sort order is ascending (ASC), but to sort in the opposite order (descending) you use DESC, as in the example below:select studentID, FullName, sat_score from student where ( studentID between 1 and 5 -- inclusive or studentID = 8 or FullName like '%Maximo%' ) and sat_score NOT in (1000, 1400) order by FullName DESC; Group By and HavingGroup By gives us a way to combine rows and aggregate data. The Having clause is like the above Where clause, except that it acts on the grouped data.This data is from the campaign contributions data weve been using in some of these guides.This SQL statement answers the question: which candidates recieved the largest number of contributions (not $ amount, but count (*)) in 2016, but only those who had more than 80 contributions?Ordering this data set in a descending (DESC) order places the candidates with the largest number of contributions at the top of the list.select Candidate, Election_year, sum(Total_$), count(*) from combined_party_data where Election_year = 2016 group by Candidate, Election_year having count(*) > 80 order by count(*) DESC; As with all of these SQL things there is MUCH MORE to them than whats in this introductory guide. I hope this at least gives you enough to get started. Please see the manual for your database manager and have fun trying different options yourself.Common SQL Interview QuestionsWhat is an inner join in SQL?This is the default type of join if no join is specified. It returns all rows in which there is at least one match in both tables.SELECT * FROM A x JOIN B y ON y.aId = x.Id What is a left join in SQL?A left join returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table. Rows in the left table will be returned even if there was no match in the right table. The rows from the left table

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In this article, well be discussing Data Definition Language, Data Manipulation Language, Transaction Control Language, and Data Control Language. DDL (Data Definition Language) : Data Definition Language is used to define the database structure or schema. DDL is also used to specify additional properties of the data. The storage structure and access methods used by the database system by a set of statements in a special type of DDL called a data storage and definition language. These statements define the implementation details of the database schema, which are usually hidden from the users. The data values stored in the database must satisfy certain consistency constraints.For example, suppose the university requires that the account balance of a department must never be negative. The DDL provides facilities to specify such constraints. The database system checks these constraints every time the database is updated. In general, a constraint can be an arbitrary predicate pertaining to the database. However, arbitrary predicates may be costly to the test. Thus, the database system implements integrity constraints that can be tested with minimal overhead. Domain Constraints : A domain of possible values must be associated with every attribute (for example, integer types, character types, date/time types). Declaring an attribute to be of a particular domain acts as the constraints on the values that it can take. Referential Integrity : There are cases where we wish to ensure that a value appears in one relation for a given set of attributes also appear in a certain set of attributes in another relation i.e. Referential Integrity. For example, the department listed for each course must be one that actually exists. Assertions : An assertion is any condition that the database must always satisfy. Domain constraints and Integrity constraints are special form of assertions. Authorization : We may want to differentiate among the users as far as the type of access they are permitted on various data values in database. These differentiation are expressed in terms of Authorization. The most common being :read authorization which allows reading but not modification of data ;insert authorization which allow insertion of new data but not modification of existing dataupdate authorization which allows modification, but not deletion. Some Commands: CREATE : to create objects in database ALTER : alters the structure of database DROP : delete objects from database RENAME : rename an objects Following SQL DDL-statement defines the department table : create table department (dept_name char(20), building char(15), budget numeric(12,2)); Execution of the above DDL statement creates the department table with three columns dept_name, building, and budget; each of which has a specific datatype associated with it. DML (Data Manipulation Language) : DML statements are used for managing data with in schema objects.DML are of two types Procedural DMLs : require a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data. Declarative DMLs (also referred as Non-procedural DMLs) : require a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data. Declarative DMLs are usually easier to learn and use than procedural DMLs. However, since a user does not have to specify how to get the data, the database system has to figure out an efficient means of accessing data. Some Commands : SELECT: retrieve data from the database INSERT: insert data into a table UPDATE: update existing data within a table DELETE: deletes all records from a table, space for the records remain Example of SQL query that finds the names of all instructors in the History department : select instructor.name from instructor where instructor.dept_name = 'History'; The query specifies that those rows from the table instructor where the dept_name is History must be retrieved and the name attributes of these rows must be displayed. TCL (Transaction Control Language) :

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