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Louis XVI was the last king of France before the country became a republic. He ascended to the throne in 1774, at age of twenty, following the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette, the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor, in 1770, but their marriage was arranged and they had a difficult relationship.

At first, Louis XVI was popular with the people of France, as he tried to address their concerns by enacting reforms, such as lowering taxes and simplifying bureaucracy. However, things rapidly took a dramatic turn for the worse. The American Revolution inspired the French to seek their own liberties, and the storming of the Bastille in 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

Louis XVI tried to appease the citizens by accepting their demands and making reforms, but he could not stem the tide of revolution. In 1791, the king famously attempted to escape from France, known as the Flight to Varennes, but was quickly captured and returned to Paris. This event further solidified the monarch's unpopularity among the revolutionaries, and he was subsequently placed under arrest.

In 1792, Louis XVI was imprisoned in the Tuileries Palace in Paris. As the revolutionaries gained more power, they threatened to take severe measures against the king and his family. The king finally agreed to sign the Constitution of 1791, which enshrined individual rights and promised greater freedoms for the people. However, this gesture failed to stop the revolutionaries, who saw the king as an enemy of the people.

Louis XVI was tried by the National Convention for high treason in 1793, and was found guilty. The king famously declared, "I am innocent, I protest against my conviction. Oh God, the justice of your revenge is mine" before being executed by guillotine on Janurary 21, 1793, at the age of thirty-nine. With his death, the revolutionaries completed their campaign to dismantle the monarchy and establish a republic in France.