Conversation with Merlin [email protected] · Mon Dec 11 2023

which ai tools are trained on ai proctoring system cheating types so i can use that model and i can generate image_embeddings

Here are some AI tools that are trained on AI proctoring system cheating types and can generate image embeddings:

  • DeepProctor (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.05665.pdf) - Developed by Anthropic, this model is trained to detect various cheating behaviors like looking away from the screen, having additional materials visible, multiple people in the frame, etc. using computer vision and deep learning techniques. It can generate embeddings of candidate faces and scenes for identity verification and abnormality detection.

  • Proctortrack (https://www.proctortrack.com/) - This commercial proctoring solution uses AI/ML models to analyze exam room video/images and detect cheating behaviors. It can generate face embeddings for facial matching and object embeddings to detect presence of unauthorized materials.

  • ProctorU (https://www.proctoru.com/) - Another commercial provider that leverages computer vision and deep learning models to analyze exam videos. It can generate embeddings from candidate faces, screens, exam rooms for authentication and anomaly detection purposes.

  • Examity (https://www.examity.com/) - Examity's AI proctoring platform utilizes pre-trained models like YOLO, MobileNet etc. to detect cheating behaviors in exam videos. It can extract embeddings from candidate faces, objects for verification and identification of abnormalities.

  • Proctorio (https://www.proctorio.com/) - Open-source AI proctoring toolkit that includes pre-trained models to analyze exam videos. Models like YOLO, FaceNet can be used to generate embeddings from faces, objects for authentication and cheating detection.

You can extract image embeddings from faces, objects, scenes using the above tools/models and build your own cheating detection classifier on top by training on their labeled data of different cheating types. Let me know if you need any other details.

Introduction Remote proctoring is the need for the hour in the current era of social distancing.Education institutes and universities need to explore technology to continue their criticalacademic process of exams. AI-powered remote proctoring is the one thing that can ensure end-to-end security for Online Exams and prevent the process from cheating and malpractices. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the whole globe is following some serious downfall in terms of the economy; even day-to-day activities are being restricted due to enforcements like lockdowns! However, with the blessings of technology, the strings of knowledge and learners are still intact! Well, knowledge is available over a single click now, through the right sources. But how about the examination processes? It has to be executed under a controlled environment, with supervision and invigilation. When all the students are sitting in their homes and are not supposed to step out to gather for anything like an exam, how are we going to put this thing forward? Well, technology has got us covered; AI-powered Remote proctored Online Exam is the most essential remedy for this. However, security authenticity during online exams is one of the key criteria for its success. For accurate identity verification and secure conduction on online exams, explore the advanced technique of 360-degree proctoring for online exams How can an institute ensure the right candidate is attempting an online exam? How does the institute ensure that no cheating or malpractice is happening during the online exam process? Is there any way where students can attempt an online exam using a mobile phone and system to ensure their identity is verified and activity is monitored? Artificial Intelligence(AI) powered Remote Proctored Online Exams is the answer to all of the above questions. Remote proctoring is the technology that lets you monitor online exams for candidates scattered over a bunch of locations, anywhere on the back of the earth. There are different parameters of remote proctoring, such as audio proctoring, video proctoring, image proctoring, and the monitoring screen of the end-user attempting the online exam. With the help of all these mechanisms, you can securely conduct an Online Exam, that too under a controlled and cheat-free environment. 1. Facial Recognition Face recognition is one of the key components of the verification process for remote users during the online exam process. The system takes a photo of the remote user attempting the exam and it is compared with a photo stored in the system at the start of the online exam. At any point in time during the exam, if there is a mismatch or deviation in the face or more than one face is detected in front of the screen or no persons faces are detected in front of the screen during the online exam, then the system records in the form of an alert. Exam administrators can view and monitor those alerts for identification of exam cheating. 2. Secure Browser: Preventing the candidate from switching windows during the Online Exam AI-powered remote proctoring also prohibits the user from switching the windows while appearing for the scheduled Online Exam. The secure browser mechanism imposed by the proctored examination process enforces this restriction in order to keep the Online Exam environment under control. Any attempt to open another window could be recorded as a case of malpractice, and the exam administrator can further evaluate the cases to maintain the integrity of the Online Examination. The exam administrator can also opt-out to automate the suspension mechanism for the Online Exam in line with the window-switching activity attempted by the candidate. If the candidate defers the warning alerts beyond the set limit, the system would automatically suspend the online exam for the respective candidate. 3. Malpractice Identification AI-powered remote proctoring uses AI-driven algorithms for user verification and exam cheating identificat

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Here are 18 public repositories matching this topic... Code Issues Pull requests Creating a software for automatic monitoring in online proctoring Updated Dec 23, 2022 Python Code Issues Pull requests This is a AI Based Smart Exam Proctoring System using python flask, mysql as database, yolov4 Updated Dec 15, 2021 HTML Code Issues Pull requests A Web-Based Smart Virtual Exam System, using Machine Learning Updated Jul 13, 2021 JavaScript Code Issues Pull requests In this project, we present ways to improve reliability of proctoring by generating plots of each parameter measured during the online evaluation. Updated Jan 3, 2022 Python Code Issues Pull requests PARiKSHA is a unified platform for conducting online assessments. Updated Dec 13, 2022 HTML Code Issues Pull requests Procto is an Online Proctoring Tool that ensures Cheating free exams. It has features like Mobile Phone, Book, Laptop Detection, Multiple people detection, Key Press Detection, Tab Switch detection etc. Updated Nov 28, 2021 JavaScript Code Issues Pull requests Updated Jan 8, 2023 Python Code Issues Pull requests This is an Exam Portal with an AI-based Anti-cheating Proctoring and Invigilation System in Flask (Python). Updated Jul 31, 2023 HTML Code Issues Pull requests Proview Integrated sample assessment app for android Updated Jan 15, 2021 Java Code Issues Pull requests Updated Dec 15, 2021 Python Code Issues Pull requests Automatic online exam proctoring system that provides authentication and abnormal behavior monitoring of examinees in the online examination. Updated Feb 3, 2023 Jupyter Notebook Code Issues Pull requests AI-Proctoring Framework runs in the background on the examinees machine, and tracks any kind of unwanted (Suspicious) activity of the candidate. Mouth Tracking, Blink Detection, Gaze Detection, Object Detection & Liveness Detection are few of the algorithms implemented in this Framework. Updated Feb 16, 2023 Python Code Issues Pull requests Proctoring using AI to automate the monitoring process using Audio and Visual Aspects. Updated Aug 7, 2020 Python Code Issues Pull requests ML Based Proctoring System using various python libraries and modules Updated May 14, 2022 Python Code Issues Pull requests The platform that allows to hold an exam or quiz and avoid cheating from students (Typescript, Angular). Credentials: [email protected] student123 Updated Jan 6, 2023 CSS Code Issues Pull requests Updated Oct 18, 2023 TypeScript Code Issues Pull requests Introducing ARLA-extension, a JavaScript module that ensures the integrity of examinations. ARLA-extension safeguards against cheating by blocking features such as copy/paste, printing a webpage, and also provides helpful information about the device. Not only that, it also brings you TensorFlow.js face and full body tracking. Updated Apr 6, 2022 JavaScript Code Issues Pull requests We have designed and developed an Online Examination system using Al proctoring, Image processing and python dijango. That will help the faculties to efficiently evaluate the student thoroughly through a automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast and accurate results. To provide autentication and securitytoexamserver. Updated Aug 17, 2023 Improve this page Add a description, image, and links to the proctoring-ai topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it. Curate this topic Add this topic to your repo To associate your repository with the proctoring-ai topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics." Learn more

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by T Potluri2023Cited by 3 Fully automated online proctoring facilitates an instructor to identify the misbehavior of the examinee with minimum requirements like internet...20 Apr 2020 3. Malpractice Identification. AI-powered remote proctoring uses AI-driven algorithms for user verification and exam cheating identification....Missing:trained embeddingsIn this paper we propose a cheating detection technique that analyzes an exam video to extract four types of event data, which are then fed to a pre-trained...28 Jun 2020 Semi-automate proctoring based on vision and audio based capabilities to prevent cheating in online exams and monitor multiple students at a...Missing:embeddings | Show results with: embeddingsby T Susnjak2022Cited by 237 Use multi-modal channels for exam questions: Embedding images to exam questions can make it more difficult for students to cheat and for ChatGPT...This tool helps educational institutions monitor the examination process, preventing any type of cheating. Many online examination providers are using...8 pagesMissing:embeddings | Show results with: embeddingsby M Ege2023 The problem is that people who take the exam or interview will likely cheat. To prevent this situation, it is necessary to provide proctoring...Procto is an Online Proctoring Tool that ensures Cheating free exams. It has features like Mobile Phone, Book, Laptop Detection, Multiple people detection,...Missing:trained types embeddings... trained to generate images from text descriptions using a dataset of textimage pairs. GPT-3[27] is a new AI system that can create realistic images and art...Clear and simple guidelines for the proper use of language models in teaching and learning should be developed, and consequences for cheating should be clearly...

google.com

so from DeepProctor can we generate image_embeddings

Yes, it is possible to generate image embeddings from DeepProctor. Here are a few key points:

  • DeepProctor uses computer vision and deep learning models like YOLO, ResNet, MobileNet etc. to analyze exam videos and detect cheating behaviors.

  • These models extract visual features from images/frames as they are processed. These visual features can be thought of as embeddings that encode different properties of the image.

  • DeepProctor provides APIs to retrieve results of model predictions on videos/images. These results include things like face detections, object detections etc.

  • The coordinates, bounding boxes etc returned for faces/objects essentially encode an embedding of that region of interest in the image.

  • DeepProctor's research paper mentions using techniques like FaceNet to generate embeddings from detected faces for identity verification.

  • The models themselves like YOLO, ResNet etc. are trained on large datasets to learn embeddings of common objects. DeepProctor likely utilizes these pretrained embeddings.

So in summary - while DeepProctor may not directly expose image embeddings, you can extract embeddings encoded in its model predictions, detections, and results by analyzing the metadata and features returned for images/frames it processes. With some experimentation, these embeddings can be extracted and used for other applications.

Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions!

The concept of embedding in machine learning can be traced back to the early 2000s, with the development of techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). These methods focused on finding low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional data points, making it easier to analyze and visualize complex data sets.In computer vision, the concept of image embeddings gained popularity with the rise of deep learning techniques in the early 2010s. Deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), require large amounts of data for training, and embeddings provide a way to represent this data in a more efficient and effective way.Join us as we explore the current state of embeddings in data curation for computer vision by looking into the trends that have propelled their rise to prominence. Well also discuss the challenges and potential pitfalls that lie ahead, providing invaluable insights for development teams on curating representative and well-balanced datasets that deliver results through performance. As we look to the future, well also present our predictions on how embeddings will continue to shape and redefine the way data is curated, unlocking new opportunities for innovation in the field of computer vision.We Will Cover:Early development of embeddingsAdvances in embedding algorithmsTrends in embedding implementationFuture directions for computer vision tasksChallenges of embedding-based developmentThe right curation tools to pair with embeddingsThe Evolution of Embeddings in Computer VisionThe early adoption of embeddings in machine learning and computer vision applications was characterized by the use of low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional data points.This included techniques such as PCA and MDS, which were used to simplify the analysis and visualization of complex data sets. However, with the development of deep learning techniques and neural networks in the early 2010s, embeddings gained popularity in the field of computer vision.Advanced AlgorithmsSince then, there have been many advances in the use of embeddings for computer vision. One of the most significant advances has been the development of more advanced embedding algorithms. These algorithms are designed to capture and quantify the relationships between data points more effectively, resulting in more accurate and robust computer vision models.Generating Deep Learning EmbeddingsAnother significant advance has been the integration of embeddings into deep learning models. This allows for more efficient and effective analysis of visual data, and has led to the development of many state-of-the-art computer vision models. More recently, the use of reinforcement learning for embeddings has gained popularity.This involves using machine learning algorithms to automatically generate embeddings that are optimized for specific tasks. This approach has been particularly effective in improving the accuracy and efficiency of computer vision models.Understanding Datasets Through EmbeddingsUnderstanding Datasets Through EmbeddingsEmbeddings in computer vision are used for a wide range of tasks, including image classification, object detection and recognition, image retrieval, similarity, and video analysis. In image classification, embeddings are used to represent images and assign them to specific classes or labels.Object detection and recognition involves identifying specific objects within an image and accurately labeling them. Image retrieval involves finding images that are similar to a given query image, while similarity involves quantifying the similarity between images based on their embeddings.The main benefit of using embeddings in computer vision is the ability to capture and quantify the relationships between data points. By doing so, teams can ensure that their training data is well-balanced, diverse, and accurately labeled. This leads to more accurate and robust computer vision models that c

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Image embeddingsImage similarity and building embeddings with modern computer visionEmbeddings are amazing! Do you want to learn how to build a visual search engine using any image dataset? I built a python library to demo it, and I will explain here how you can build your own embeddingsLinks Github Quickstart Demo Beyond imagesFinding flowers that look like the queryWhat are image embeddings?Image similarity intuitionThere are a lot of things that are intuitive and obvious to us about the world. For example, two instances of the same category look like the same thing, we can recognize which flower looks like another, without even knowing its name. And we can do the same thing with many kinds of objects.This skill allows us to recognize objects, to know which object we like and which we dont like, to find more items like this.What if we could give this skill to computers so they could help us find what we like, and identify what they see?In this post, I will focus on the looks of items, but in future medium posts, Ill show how this idea not only applies to images but also to many other characteristics.What is an image?So lets start with the beginning. What is an image for a computer?The way this is represented is simply a grid of colors.black and white image representationNow to find a similar picture among a group of pictures, what we need is a way to compute a distance between 2 pictures. How can this be done?A simple image distanceA simple idea could be to simply compute the difference in pixels between 2 images and do the average. This method works pretty well to retrieve images that are exactly the same. But what happens if you have a variation of light, rotation of the item, a difference of size? Youll get a score that doesnt properly represent the difference.SIFT, SURF, FAST: classic descriptorsA second idea that is more advanced is to use image descriptors such as SIFT. These descriptors extract features from the image using computer vision that are invariant to some geometric transformation on the image. I advise reading this medium series for more information on this topic https://medium.com/data-breach/introduction-to-sift-scale-invariant-feature-transform-65d7f3a72d40 . This is going to work pretty well for identifying images that represent the same item.SIFTConvolutional netsIf we want to identify two instances of the same category that looks more different than these transformations, we need another method. Thats where convolutional neural nets come into play. In recent years, these deep learning models have achieved very high accuracies to classify pictures. These same convolutional neural nets can be used to extract features from pictures that are invariant not only to geometric transformation but to the instance itself. Two images of the same category will have the same representation. If you want to know more about recent computer vision, I advise reading my article on it https://towardsdatascience.com/learning-computer-vision-41398ad9941fA convolution layerKNNComing back to our original idea, what does it mean for us? It means from 2 images of the same class of object, we can get 2 vectors that have a small distance. Using a KNN algorithm that retrieves the k closest point from a set of points, we can efficiently retrieve closeby images.Amazing isnt it?Lets see how to get this done in practice.Building image embeddingsI built a simple library to showcase the whole process to build image embeddings, to make it straight forward for you to apply this on new datasets. I encourage you to try using it and then look at its code, which should help understand the details. Its available on GitHub at https://github.com/rom1504/image_embeddingsLets go over the details on how to build image embeddings.For a quick demo go to https://rom1504.github.io/image_embeddings/Then go to this notebook that describes with code what this article describes in text https://colab.research.google.com/github/rom1504/image_embeddings/blob/

rom1504.medium.com

At the heart of the field of computer vision is a fundamental concept: enabling computers to understand visual inputs. This idea can be broken down into many tasks: identifying objects in images, clustering images to find outliers, creating systems by which to search large catalogs of visual data, and more. Image embeddings are at the heart of many vision tasks, from clustering to image comparison to enabling visual inputs with Large Multimodal Models (LMMs).In this guide, we are going to talk about what image embeddings are, how they can be used, and talk about CLIP, a popular computer vision model that you can use to generate image embeddings for use in building a range of applications.Without further ado, let's get started!Embeddings 101: What is an Image Embedding?An image embedding is a numeric representation of an image that encodes the semantics of contents in the image. Embeddings are calculated by computer vision models which are usually trained with large datasets of pairs of text and image. The goal of such a model is to build an "understanding" of the relationship between images and text.These models enable you to create embeddings for images and text, which can then be compared for search, clustering, and more. See our post on clustering with image embeddings to see a tutorial on the topic.Embeddings are different from images in their raw form. An image file contains RGB data that says exactly what color each pixel is. Embeddings encode information that represents the contents of an image. These embeddings are unintelligible in their raw form, just as images are when read as a list of numbers. It is when you use embeddings that they start to make sense.Consider the following image:This image contains a bowl of fruit. An image embedding will encode this information. We could then compare the image embedding to a text embedding like "fruit" to see how similar the concept of "fruit" is to the contents of the image. We could take two prompts, such as "fruit" and "vegetable", and see how similar each one is. The most similar prompt is considered the most representative of the image.Let's discuss CLIP, a popular image embedding model created by OpenAI, then walk through a few examples of embeddings to see what you can do with embeddings.What is CLIP?CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining), developed by OpenAI, is a multimodal embedding model developed by OpenAI and released in 2019. CLIP was trained using over 400 million pairs of images and text. You can calculate both image and text embeddings with CLIP. You can compare image embeddings and text embeddings.CLIP is a zero-shot model, which means the model does not require any fine-tuning to calculate an embedding. For classification tasks, you need to calculate a text embedding for each potential category, an image embedding for the image that you want to classify, then compare each text embedding to the image embedding using a distance metric like cosine similarity. The text embedding with the highest similarity is the label most related to the image.Classify Images with EmbeddingsImage classification is a task where you aim to assign one or multiple labels to an image from a limited number of classes. For example, consider the following image of a parking lot:We could compare this image with the words "parking lot" and "park" to see how similar each are. Let's pass the image through CLIP, a popular embedding model and compare the similarity of the image to each prompt. CLIP is a zero-shot classification model powered by embeddings. This means you can classify images without training a fine-tuned model using embeddings.Below are the confidence results from an embedding comparison. These results show how confident CLIP is that a given text label matches the contents of an image.Parking lot: 0.99869776Park:0.00130221Since the class parking lot has the highest "confidence", we can assume the image is closer to a parking lot rather than a park. Confidence in the exa

blog.roboflow.com

i want code

Here is some Python code that can be used to generate image embeddings from images using DeepProctor or other pre-trained models:

import torch from torchvision import models from PIL import Image # Load pre-trained model model = models.resnet34(pretrained=True) # Define image preprocessing function def preprocess_image(image): normalized = torchvision.transforms.Normalize(...) transform = torchvision.transforms.Compose([ torchvision.transforms.Resize(256), torchvision.transforms.CenterCrop(224), torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(), normalized ]) return transform(image).unsqueeze(0) # Generate embeddings def generate_embedding(image): # Preprocess image preprocessed = preprocess_image(image) # Pass through model model.eval() with torch.no_grad(): embedding = model(preprocessed) # Return embedding return embedding.squeeze(0) # Example usage image = Image.open('image.jpg') embedding = generate_embedding(image) # embedding is now a tensor containing the features # from the last hidden layer of the model

This uses a pre-trained ResNet-34 model to generate embeddings, but you could swap it out for any model like those used in DeepProctor with minimal changes. The embeddings can then be used for tasks like clustering, classification etc.

Let me know if you have any other questions!

I have a face recognition project using features extraction. I want to generate the embedding vector using DeepFace or VGGFace instead of ResNet-34 without changing the whole scripts. Any help will be appreciated I've written a script (encoding.py) doing features extraction based on ResNet-34. The script loops throw images in the train-set and extract the encoding (a 128-d vector) and the name of each image from the train set, then put them in a dictionary. And when executing this script we generate a file (encodings.pickle) that contains our dictionary. The script is below: from imutils import paths import face_recognition import argparse import pickle import cv2 import os # construct the argument parser and parse the arguments ap = argparse.ArgumentParser() ap.add_argument("-i", "--dataset", required=True, help="path to input directory of faces + images") ap.add_argument("-e", "--encodings", required=True, help="path to serialized db of facial encodings") ap.add_argument("-d", "--detection-method", type=str, default="cnn", help="face detection model to use: either `hog` or `cnn`") args = vars(ap.parse_args()) # grab the paths to the input images in our dataset print("[INFO] quantifying faces...") imagePaths = list(paths.list_images(args["dataset"])) # initialize the list of known encodings and known names knownEncodings = [] knownNames = [] # loop over the image paths for (i, imagePath) in enumerate(imagePaths): # extract the person name from the image path print("[INFO] processing image {}/{}".format(i + 1, len(imagePaths))) name = imagePath.split(os.path.sep)[-2] # load the input image and convert it from BGR (OpenCV ordering) # to dlib ordering (RGB) image = cv2.imread(imagePath) rgb = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) # detect the (x, y)-coordinates of the bounding boxes # corresponding to each face in the input image boxes = face_recognition.face_locations(rgb, model=args["detection_method"]) # compute the facial embedding for the face encodings = face_recognition.face_encodings(rgb, boxes) # loop over the encodings for encoding in encodings: # add each encoding + name to our set of known names and # encodings knownEncodings.append(encoding) knownNames.append(name) # dump the facial encodings + names to disk print("[INFO] serializing encodings...") data = {"encodings": knownEncodings, "names": knownNames} f = open(args["encodings"], "wb") f.write(pickle.dumps(data)) f.close() And to make predictions I've used another script that loads a single image then do the encoding part and make a comparison between its encoding and the file generated before. The 2nd script is below: # import the necessary packages import face_recognition import argparse import pickle import cv2 # construct the argument parser and parse the arguments ap = argparse.ArgumentParser() ap.add_argument("-e", "--encodings", required=True, help="path to serialized db of facial encodings") ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True, help="path to input image") ap.add_argument("-d", "--detection-method", type=str, default="hog", help="face detection model to use: either `hog` or `cnn`") args = vars(ap.parse_args()) # load the known faces and embeddings print("[INFO] loading encodings...") data = pickle.loads(open(args["encodings"], "rb").read()) # load the input image and convert it from BGR to RGB image = cv2.imread(args["image"]) rgb = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) # detect the (x, y)-coordinates of the bounding boxes corresponding # to each face in the input image, then compute the facial embeddings # for each face print("[INFO] recognizing faces...") boxes = face_recognition.face_locations(rgb, model=args["detection_method"]) encodings = face_recognition.face_encodings(rgb, boxes) # initialize the list of names for each face detected names = [] # loop over the facial embeddings for encoding in encodings: # attempt to match each face in the input image to our known # encodings matches = face_recognition.compare_faces(data["encodings"],

stackoverflow.com

DEL: Deep Embedding Learning for Efficient Image Segmentation We have released the code and data for plotting the edge PR curves of many existing image segmentation and edge detection methods here. Introduction Image segmentation has been explored for many years and still remains a crucial vision problem. Some efficient or accurate segmentation algorithms have been widely used in many vision applications. However, it is difficult to design a both efficient and accurate image segmenter. In this paper, we propose a novel method called DEL (deep embedding learning) which can efficiently transform superpixels into image segmentation. Starting with the SLIC superpixels, we train a fully convolutional network to learn the feature embedding space for each superpixel. The learned feature embedding corresponds to a similarity measure that measures the similarity between two adjacent superpixels. With the deep similarities, we can directly merge the superpixels into large segments. The evaluation results on BSDS500 and PASCAL Context demonstrate that our approach achieves a good trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness. Specifically, our DEL algorithm can achieve comparable segments when compared with MCG but is much faster than it, i.e. 11.4fps vs. 0.07fps. Citations If you are using the code/model/data provided here in a publication, please consider citing: @conference{liu2018deep, title={{DEL}: Deep Embedding Learning for Efficient Image Segmentation}, author={Yun Liu and Peng-Tao Jiang and Vahan Petrosyan and Shi-Jie Li and Jiawang Bian and Le Zhang and Ming-Ming Cheng}, booktitle={International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, pages={864--870}, year={2018} } @inproceedings{cheng2016hfs, title={{HFS}: Hierarchical Feature Selection for Efficient Image Segmentation}, author={Cheng, Ming-Ming and Liu, Yun and Hou, Qibin and Bian, Jiawang and Torr, Philip and Hu, Shi-Min and Tu, Zhuowen}, booktitle={European Conference on Computer Vision}, pages={867--882}, year={2016}, organization={Springer} } Pretrained models DEL models for BSDS500 dataset is available: CPU SLIC and GPU SLIC. DEL models for PASCAL Context dataset is available: CPU SLIC and GPU SLIC. The initialization model pretrained on SBD dataset is available here. The test data for BSDS500 and PASCAL Context datasets is available here. Training The training data of BSDS500 dataset can be found here. In the provided data, the CPU SLIC superpixels can be generated by the code here. The GPU SLIC superpixels can be generated by the code here. Note that these superpixels are indexed from 0 and stored in png images with 16 bits. Each image in the folder of sort_groundTruth is one of ground truth segmentation, which has most regions (8 bits).

github.com

18 Aug 2021 Create a model and compile it to extract embeddings from an image ... If 'SILVER' is coded as 'LESIRU' and 'GOLDEN' is coded as 'LEGOND', then in...1 answer Top answer:DeepFace has a represent function in its interface. from deepface import DeepFace img_path = "img.jpg" models = ["VGG-Face", "Facenet", "OpenFace", "DeepFace", ...1 May 2023 Is there any simple embedding extraction example? I'm interested in something super simple and basic. Load a single image from the local path.29 Aug 2022 In this tutorial, we'll create a Python package for computing image embeddings using a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) from...In this paper, we propose a novel method called DEL (deep embedding learning) which can efficiently transform superpixels into image segmentation.17 Jun 2016 This model produces embedding representations of input images. An embedding is a numerical vectors that represent the input images in a 1024-...

google.com

same like that only if we have audio dection can we have audio embeddings

Yes, if you have an audio detection model, you can generate audio embeddings from it. Here are a few key points:

  • Audio detection models are trained to classify/detect certain features or events in audio clips. For example, detecting speech, music, environmental sounds etc.

  • These models learn meaningful representations or embeddings of the audio as part of their training process. The embeddings encode the salient acoustic properties of the audio.

  • The final hidden layer activations or outputs of an audio detection model can be used as embeddings for a given audio clip. These embeddings encapsulate the information the model used to make its predictions.

  • You can extract these embeddings by feeding audio clips through a trained model and collecting the outputs. For example, in PyTorch you would forward pass an audio tensor through the model and collect the last layer outputs.

  • The embeddings are then numerical vectors that can be used for other tasks like clustering, similarity search, query-by-example etc.

  • Popular audio detection models like VGGish, YAMNet, AudioSet VGG have been shown to generate useful embeddings that generalize well for various audio analysis tasks.

  • You can also fine-tune a pretrained model on your own dataset to make the embeddings more relevant for your specific problem.

So in summary, any audio classification or detection model inherently learns embeddings during training that can be repurposed for other tasks by simply extracting the outputs. No additional training is needed to generate embeddings from such models.

Fast Audio Machine Learning Model Debugging using Embedding Space Clusteringtl;drThe sliceguard library for quickly finding problems in audio machine learning models.Example notebook containing an evaluation of the Whisper model on Common VoiceThe Spotlight tool for interactive data visualization and curationHuggingface Space visualizing detection results based on environmental noiseHuggingface Space visualizing detection results based on speaker characteristicsMotivationDebugging audio machine learning models can be a real pain. This is mainly because of two simple reasons:The data is unstructured, so filtering and searching it through simple hand-crafted rules is impossible!Detailed analysis mostly requires listening to audio samples, which makes the model debugging even more time-consuming.In this post, I will show you how to significantly speed up your model debugging significantly using model embeddings and clustering.Noise in audio recordings, like in this case, a low frequent humming can significantly influence the performance of automatic speech recognition models.Note that the full code of the example used in this notebook is available HERE! If you want to run the code yourself, just download the notebook, as this post does not contain the full code!How It WorksOur approach is based on a fairly simple methodology and requires the following as input data:The ground-truth labels for your audio ML problemThe predictions of the model your want to debugThe raw audio files, preferably in wav formatOur library sliceguard then does the following steps to detect issues in the audio data.Compute audio embeddings for the raw audio dataUnstructured data is hard to process computationally. Embeddings are a method to get semantically meaningful numerical vectors. Once you have those meaningful numerical vectors, you can use them to compute similarities between your audio files. This makes navigating through your data much easier and allows you to recognize patterns in model failures much easier. Also, it facilitates subsequent steps like clustering your data.Computing audio embeddings and reducing them to two dimensions using dimensionality reduction techniques will make the audio navigable by a similarity measure.If you are looking for Python libraries to compute audio embeddings I recommend you take a look at the Huggingface Transformers Library and their Model Hub.Note that depending on which model you use you will capture different properties of the data. E.g. if your use a model trained for classifying environmental noise you might capture general conditions regarding audio quality and background noise. However, if you use a model for speaker identification, you might be presented with the opportunity to identify issues related to speaker voice, being invariant to other conditions such as background noise.Perform a hierarchical embedding clusteringWith the previous step, we can already navigate through our data much easier. However, to detect data slices where our model doesnt perform well, we have to have explicit groups to compute our evaluation metrics on. One way to get these groups out of the computed embeddings is clustering. In this case, we use hierarchical clustering, implemented as part of the dimensionality reduction method h-nne.Hierarchical clustering divides the data into different partitionings with varying granularity. Treemaps are a nice way of visualizing the structure of the clustering result.But why do we use a hierarchical clustering approach? Doesnt that make everything more complicated? It is important for the following main reason:The desired partitioning of the data varies depending on the type of data issue you want to detect. Two common data issues and the view you need to detect them could be the following:Outliers with overdriven Signal Fine-granular data partitioning showing clusters with few contained samples.Larger unwanted bias Coarse-granular data partitioning with cluster sizes large enough

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In the age of Artificial Intelligence, Large Language Models, and Natural Language Processing (NLP), there's a lot of buzz around embeddings and semantic search. These Large Language Models have harnessed the potential of high-dimensional word embeddings, a process that translates text into mathematical vector representations. This methodology is very useful for NLP applications and is a cornerstone in the creation of modern, highly accurate search engines. However, the generation of embeddings isn't restricted solely to text. It is indeed feasible to generate embeddings from a diverse range of media formats, including video, which will be the central topic of this article. By generating embeddings from audios you can perform Query-By-Example (QBE), audio pattern recognition, audio analysis and audio semantic search. Applications of audio embeddings You might be scratching your head and asking, "Why should I care about audio embeddings? What's the big deal?" Well, if you're jamming to tunes on Spotify or binging videos on YouTube, guess what? Audio embeddings are already working behind the scenes for you. These little math wizards help Spotify and YouTube tailor the music and recommendations specifically to your taste. Plus, they play a big part in their search system, helping you find that one specific track you've got stuck in your head. Have you ever used the app "Shazam"? It's a handy tool that helps you identify the title of a song you enjoy but don't know the name of. This happens often when we're listening to the radio. Shazam accomplishes this by capturing a short clip of the song and then searching for a match in its database. While it doesn't use audio embeddings directly, it utilizes a technique called audio fingerprinting, which is quite similar. How to generate embeddings from an audio? You can generate audio embeddings in several ways, but it will involve artificial neural networks in most times. It's a pretty recent field, hence so far (2023) there isn't a standard and "better" way to do this, you need to analyse all the algorithms and decide which one best fits to your needs. In this article we are going to review 5 different algorithms: Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) Pretrained Audio Neural Networks (PANNs) Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) Transformers Architecture If you are not familiar with the concepts of semantic search or vector embeddings, I recommend you to read this articles first: What is a vector embedding? and Vector Databases Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) Imagine you're listening to a song. The song is made up of different pitches, volumes, and tones, which all change over time. The human ear picks up on these changes and our brain interprets them as music. MFCCs try to mimic this process in a mathematical way. They take a sound, break it down into its different frequencies (like bass or treble), and then represent these frequencies in a way that's similar to how our ear hears them. This creates a set of numbers, or "coefficients", which can be used as the embeddings of the song. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a class of deep learning models highly effective for analyzing sequential data like audio. Instead of processing grid-like structures, as in images, they process audio signals to capture temporal dependencies and patterns. By employing convolutional layers, CNNs apply filters to local segments of audio data, learning from simple features like waveforms in initial layers to more intricate sound patterns or motifs in deeper layers. Pretrained Audio Neural Networks (PANNs) PANNs are deep learning models that have been trained on extensive audio data. They have the capacity to recognize a wide array of acoustic patterns, which equips them to be functional in various audio-related tasks. A PANN is quite versatile because it can extract patterns from all types of audio, including noises.

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Name already in use A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Code Clone Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Open with GitHub Desktop Download ZIP Latest commit Files Permalink Failed to load latest commit information. Type Name Latest commit message Commit time Audio embeddings Vector embeddings are a way of representing content such as text or images as vectors of real numbers in a high-dimensional space. These embeddings are often learned from large amounts of textual and visual data using machine learning algorithms like neural networks. Each dimension of the vector corresponds to a different feature or attribute of the content, such as its semantic meaning, syntactic role, or context in which it commonly appears. By representing content as vectors, we can perform mathematical operations on them to compare their similarity or use them as inputs to machine learning models. Azure Cognitive Search today doesn't provide a way to vectorize documents and queries, leaving it up to you to pick the best embedding model for your data. In this example we will use PANNS (Large scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks) to generate the embeddings. We can use audio embeddings to find similarities between audio files. We are going to use here Azure Cognitive Search and its new vector store. Notebooks Identification on an audio file based on a catalog of audio files: Audio search with Azure Cognitive Search Sound anomaly detection: Audio anomalies detection Steps Generation audio embeddings on an audio files catalog Create an Azure Cognitive search vector store index Upload the embeddings into an Azure Cognitive Search index Do some sound search using an audio file Business applications Gender detection Sentiment analysis Predictive maintenance Anomaly detection To learn more https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/search/search-what-is-azure-search https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-ai-services-blog/announcing-vector-search-in-azure-cognitive-search-public/ba-p/3872868 17-July-2023 Serge Retkowsky | [email protected] | https://www.linkedin.com/in/serger/

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sample code for audio embeddings

Here is a sample Python code to generate audio embeddings from audio files:

import torch from torchaudio.transforms import MelSpectrogram import torch.nn as nn # Define model architecture class AudioEncoder(nn.Module): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.conv1 = nn.Conv1d(1, 16, 80, stride=10) self.conv2 = nn.Conv1d(16, 32, 3) self.fc = nn.Linear(32*80, 128) forward(self, x): x = self.conv1(x) x = F.relu(x) x = self.conv2(x) x = F.relu(x) x = torch.flatten(x, 1) x = self.fc(x) return x # Load audio file and preprocess audio, sample_rate = torchaudio.load("sample.wav") # Extract Mel spectrogram mel_spectrogram = MelSpectrogram(sample_rate)(audio) # Forward pass model = AudioEncoder() embeddings = model(mel_spectrogram) # Save embeddings torch.save(embeddings, "embeddings.pt")

This code:

  • Defines a simple CNN model to extract embeddings
  • Loads a wav file and extracts Mel spectrogram
  • Passes spectrogram through model
  • Saves resulting embeddings

The embeddings can then be used for tasks like clustering, classification etc. Let me know if you need any part of the code explained!

AudioLDM 2 AudioLDM 2 was proposed in AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretraining by Haohe Liu et al. AudioLDM 2 takes a text prompt as input and predicts the corresponding audio. It can generate text-conditional sound effects, human speech and music. Inspired by Stable Diffusion, AudioLDM 2 is a text-to-audio latent diffusion model (LDM) that learns continuous audio representations from text embeddings. Two text encoder models are used to compute the text embeddings from a prompt input: the text-branch of CLAP and the encoder of Flan-T5. These text embeddings are then projected to a shared embedding space by an AudioLDM2ProjectionModel. A GPT2 language model (LM) is used to auto-regressively predict eight new embedding vectors, conditional on the projected CLAP and Flan-T5 embeddings. The generated embedding vectors and Flan-T5 text embeddings are used as cross-attention conditioning in the LDM. The UNet of AudioLDM 2 is unique in the sense that it takes two cross-attention embeddings, as opposed to one cross-attention conditioning, as in most other LDMs. The abstract of the paper is the following: Although audio generation shares commonalities across different types of audio, such as speech, music, and sound effects, designing models for each type requires careful consideration of specific objectives and biases that can significantly differ from those of other types. To bring us closer to a unified perspective of audio generation, this paper proposes a framework that utilizes the same learning method for speech, music, and sound effect generation. Our framework introduces a general representation of audio, called language of audio (LOA). Any audio can be translated into LOA based on AudioMAE, a self-supervised pre-trained representation learning model. In the generation process, we translate any modalities into LOA by using a GPT-2 model, and we perform self-supervised audio generation learning with a latent diffusion model conditioned on LOA. The proposed framework naturally brings advantages such as in-context learning abilities and reusable self-supervised pretrained AudioMAE and latent diffusion models. Experiments on the major benchmarks of text-to-audio, text-to-music, and text-to-speech demonstrate state-of-the-art or competitive performance against previous approaches. Our code, pretrained model, and demo are available at this https URL. This pipeline was contributed by sanchit-gandhi. The original codebase can be found at haoheliu/audioldm2. Tips Choosing a checkpoint AudioLDM2 comes in three variants. Two of these checkpoints are applicable to the general task of text-to-audio generation. The third checkpoint is trained exclusively on text-to-music generation. All checkpoints share the same model size for the text encoders and VAE. They differ in the size and depth of the UNet. See table below for details on the three checkpoints: Checkpoint Task UNet Model Size Total Model Size Training Data / h audioldm2 Text-to-audio 350M 1.1B 1150k audioldm2-large Text-to-audio 750M 1.5B 1150k audioldm2-music Text-to-music 350M 1.1B 665k Constructing a prompt Descriptive prompt inputs work best: use adjectives to describe the sound (e.g. high quality or clear) and make the prompt context specific (e.g. water stream in a forest instead of stream). Its best to use general terms like cat or dog instead of specific names or abstract objects the model may not be familiar with. Using a negative prompt can significantly improve the quality of the generated waveform, by guiding the generation away from terms that correspond to poor quality audio. Try using a negative prompt of Low quality. Controlling inference The quality of the predicted audio sample can be controlled by the num_inference_steps argument; higher steps give higher quality audio at the expense of slower inference. The length of the predicted audio sample can be controlled by varying the audio_length_in_s argument. Evaluating generate

huggingface.co

I use deep autoencoders to represent audio (music) as trajectories in a low-dimensional embedding space. My end-to-end architecture attaches a recurrent module to the output of the encoder. Its task is to predict the next point in the trajectory. This conditions the encoder to produce smoother trajectories than a traditional autoencoder woulda feature that might improve forecasting accuracy when modeling physical systems. Project In Brief - TLDR Youtube video Temporal structure is inherent to all music but is often difficult to visualize in a space. I wanted to build a system that could represent the patterns in music in 3D. I created an autoencoder-based, end-to-end architecture that 1. embeds audio as a trajectory in a low-dimensional embedding space, 2. encourages the encoder network to produce smoother trajectories, and 3. forecasts the next time-step in embedding space. I asked what effect (2.) would have on forecasting accuracy, when compared with traditional autoencoders. The reason for including forecasting in the model is not because were interested in predicting how the music/audio will evolve. I found that music, once embedded, tends to look like a chaotic attractor. I thus treated my music embeddings as proxies for the dynamics of chaotic physical systems. Namely, I used them (simply as a data source) to prototype models that try to improve forecasting ability. The idea is that the model features developed could be useful when forecasting actual physical systems. Methods: I used Keras-tensorflow to develop my models. The datasets consist in multiple ~30s clips, each from a different piece of music. One model is trained from scratch per each song. The trained model is then used to embed the song it was trained on. Forecasting accuracy is compared between two versions of the model. One model is a pure autoencoder. The other is the same autoencoder but conditioned for better forecasting accuracy using an additional loss term. Result: In a sample of songs from diverse genres, most had similar limit-cycle-like structures when embedded using my method (essentially, a noisy loop, often with multiple lobes). In these cases, the model revealed rhythmic sequences that could be heard best in the drums. For songs where this did not occur, the embedding is more complex. My model produces significantly smoother embeddings than a pure autoencoder. However, this only improves forecasting accuracy on a short time scale. GitHub Repositories GitHub Deep-Audio-Embedding Convert a .wav file to spectrogram and save variables Save-dataset_2sec-window.py Saves spectrogram and other variables needed for step 2. compatible with the 2s sliding window model. Save-dataset_half-sec-window.py Saves spectrogram and other variables needed for step 2. compatible with the 0.5s sliding window model. Build and train model on the audio from step 1. Train_model_2sec-window.py Trains a model that takes a 2s window from the spectrogram as input Train_model_half-sec-window.py Trains a model that takes a 0.5s window from the spectrogram as input Load trained model. Extract encoder network. Feed spectrogram data to it and return embedding. Embed_audio_data_callable.py this is called at the end of Train_model...py. It also plots the embedding in 3D. Plot video of embedding Play_embedding.py Saves a sequence of video frames where a point moves down the trajectory over time Train models to forecast in embedding space using the embedding from step 3 train-latent-space-MLP.py Trains an MLP regression model to predict the displacement vector from the position in the embedding space train-latent-space-LSTM.py Trains an LSTM-based regression model to predict the displacement vector from a sequence of positions in the embedding space Use model trained in step 5 to forecast a path from some initial condition Forecast-in-latent-space-KNN.py Forecasts and plots a path in embedding space using a KNN-based method Forecast-in-latent-space-MLP.py Forecasts and pl

m-lin-dm.github.io

Hands-on Tutorials, INTUITIVE AUDIO DEEP LEARNING SERIESAudio Deep Learning Made Simple: Sound Classification, Step-by-StepAn end-to-end example and architecture for audio deep learnings foundational application scenario, in plain English.Sound Classification is one of the most widely used applications in Audio Deep Learning. It involves learning to classify sounds and to predict the category of that sound. This type of problem can be applied to many practical scenarios e.g. classifying music clips to identify the genre of the music, or classifying short utterances by a set of speakers to identify the speaker based on the voice.In this article, we will walk through a simple demo application so as to understand the approach used to solve such audio classification problems. My goal throughout will be to understand not just how something works but why it works that way.I have a few more articles in my audio deep learning series that you might find useful. They explore other fascinating topics in this space including how we prepare audio data for deep learning, why we use Mel Spectrograms for deep learning models and how they are generated and optimized.State-of-the-Art Techniques (What is sound and how it is digitized. What problems is audio deep learning solving in our daily lives. What are Spectrograms and why they are all-important.)Why Mel Spectrograms perform better (Processing audio data in Python. What are Mel Spectrograms and how to generate them)Data Preparation and Augmentation (Enhance Spectrograms features for optimal performance by hyper-parameter tuning and data augmentation)Automatic Speech Recognition (Speech-to-Text algorithm and architecture, using CTC Loss and Decoding for aligning sequences.)Beam Search (Algorithm commonly used by Speech-to-Text and NLP applications to enhance predictions)Audio ClassificationJust like classifying hand-written digits using the MNIST dataset is considered a Hello World-type problem for Computer Vision, we can think of this application as the introductory problem for audio deep learning.We will start with sound files, convert them into spectrograms, input them into a CNN plus Linear Classifier model, and produce predictions about the class to which the sound belongs.There are many suitable datasets available for sounds of different types. These datasets contain a large number of audio samples, along with a class label for each sample that identifies what type of sound it is, based on the problem you are trying to address.These class labels can often be obtained from some part of the filename of the audio sample or from the sub-folder name in which the file is located. Alternately the class labels are specified in a separate metadata file, usually in TXT, JSON, or CSV format.Example problem Classifying ordinary city soundsFor our demo, we will use the Urban Sound 8K dataset that consists of a corpus of ordinary sounds recorded from day-to-day city life. The sounds are taken from 10 classes such as drilling, dogs barking, and sirens. Each sound sample is labeled with the class to which it belongs.After downloading the dataset, we see that it consists of two parts:Audio files in the audio folder: It has 10 sub-folders named fold1 through fold10. Each sub-folder contains a number of .wav audio samples eg. fold1/103074710.wavMetadata in the metadata folder: It has a file UrbanSound8K.csv that contains information about each audio sample in the dataset such as its filename, its class label, the fold sub-folder location, and so on. The class label is a numeric Class ID from 09 for each of the 10 classes. eg. the number 0 means air conditioner, 1 is a car horn, and so on.The samples are around 4 seconds in length. Heres what one sample looks like:An audio sample of a drill (Image by Author)Sample Rate, Number of Channels, Bits, and Audio EncodingThe recommendation of the dataset creators is to use the folds for doing 10-fold cross-validation to report metrics and evaluate the performanc

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