differentiate router and gateways in 2 points
Routers and gateways are both network devices, but they serve different functions:
Routing: Routers typically connect networks together and determine the best path for data packets to reach their intended destination. They operate at the network layer (Layer 3) the OSI model and make decisions based on IP addresses.
Interface: Gateways, on the hand, serve as an and exit point for a network. They can interface between different of networks, such as connecting a local network to the internet. Gateways operate at various layers of the OSI model, including the network layer (Layer 3) for routing and also at higher layers for protocol translation and other functions specific to the network they are interfacing with.
discuss the packet switching technique in 2 points
Packet switching is a network communication method that involves breaking data into small packets, which are then transmitted independently across the network. Here are two key points about packet switching:
Data Division: In packet switching, data is divided into packets with headers containing destination addresses and sequencing information. These packets are then sent individually across the network and reassembled at the destination. This allows for more efficient use of network resources as multiple packets from different sources can share the same communication channels.
Flexibility and Reliability: Packet switching allows for flexible routing of packets, so they can take different paths to reach their destination. This adds redundancy and reliability to the network as packets can be rerouted if one path becomes congested or fails, ensuring that data transmission is not disrupted.
how does the adaptive routing algorithms works and give an example in 2 points
Adaptive routing algorithms are used in computer networks to dynamically adjust paths that data packets take based on changing network conditions. Here's how they work and an example:
Monitoring Network Conditions: Adaptive routing algorithms continuously monitor the performance and status of network links, such as available bandwidth, latency, and congestion levels. This real-time data is used to determine the most optimal paths data packets to travel through the network.
Dynamic Path Selection: Based on the real-time data, the adaptive routing algorithm selects the most efficient paths for data packets to reach their destinations. For example, the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol is an example an adaptive routing algorithm used in IP networks. It calculates the shortest path to a destination based on link costs and adjust dynamically as network conditions change.
summarize the control signals used by icmp in 2 points
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) uses control signals to manage and troubleshoot network communication. Here's a summary of the control signals used by ICMP:
Error Reporting: ICMP includes control signals for reporting errors, such as unreachable destinations or time exceeded during packet transmission. These signals help network devices identify and address issues in data transmission.
Echo Request and Reply: ICMP also includes control signals for echo request and echo reply, which are commonly used for network troubleshooting and connectivity testing. These allow a device to verify the reachability and round-trip time to another device on the network.
differentiate between arp and rarp in 2 points
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) are both used to map network addresses, but serve different purposes. Here are two key differences between ARP and RARP:
Address Mapping:
Direction of Resolution:
can you provide the services of transport layer in 2 points
Certainly! The transport layer provides crucial services in network communication:
. Reliable Data Delivery: The transport layer ensures reliable data delivery through mechanisms such as error detection, retransmission of lost packets, and sequencing of data to guarantee that it reaches the destination accurately and in the correct order.
how can justify that telnet provides remote login services in 2 points
Telnet provides remote login services through the following means:
Terminal Emulation: Telnet enables a user to establish a remote connection to a host over a network, effectively allowing the user to access the host's command-line interface from a different location. This capability provides the user with remote login access to the host system.
Session Establishment: By establishing a virtual terminal session over a network,net facilitates the input and output of commands and data between the local and remote systems, effectively providing remote login functionality for the user to interact with the host.
list the main components of multiple bus organization in 2 points
The main components of a multiple bus organization include:
Processor Bus: This bus connects the CPU to the main memory, allowing the processor to fetch and store data and instructions.
I/O Bus: The I/O bus facilitates communication between the CPU and various input/output devices such as storage devices, network interfaces, and peripheral devices, enabling data transfer and control signals between the processor and external components.
what is belady's anomaly in 2 points
Belady's Anomaly refers to the unexpected increase in page faults when the number of page frames in memory is increased, resulting in reduced performance. This phenomenon contradicts the principle that increasing the available memory should decrease the number of page faults.
in the context of memory management what are placement and replacement algorithms in 2 points
In the context of memory management:
Placement Algorithm: This algorithm determines where in physical memory a process or data should be placed, effectively allocating memory space for incoming data or processes.
Replacement Algorithm: The replacement algorithm selects which existing data or processes in memory should be evicted when new data or processes need to be loaded due to limited available memory. This algorithm helps optimize memory usage by making decisions on which data to retain in memory and which to swap out.
what it means of thrashing in 2 points
Thrashing refers to a situation in virtual memory systems where excessive paging or swapping of data occurs, leading to a decrease in system performance. This occurs when the system spends more time swapping data between the RAM and the disk than actually executing processes, resulting in a decrease in overall throughput and responsiveness.
what is means of busy waiting and race condition in 2 points
Busy waiting refers to a programming technique where a process continuously checks for a condition to be true, often wasting CPU cycles in the process.
Race condition occurs when the behavior of a program depends on the relative timing of the execution of concurrent threads or processes, leading to unpredictable and unexpected results due to uncontrolled interleaving of operations
difference between multi programming and multi tasking in 2 points
Multi-programming and multitasking are both techniques used in operating systems to manage and execute multiple processes, but they have distinct characteristics:
write an example of floating point representation in 2 points
Certainly! An example of floating-point representation is as follows:
Decimal Representation: Consider the decimal number 123.45. In floating-point representation, this number can be expressed as 1.2345 x 10^2, where 1.234 is the mantissa and 2 is the exponent.
Binary Representation: In binary, the above number could be represented as 1.1111011 x 2^6, where 1.1111 is the mantissa and 6 is the exponent, in a binary floating-point.